In this lab, you add headings to a technical document: Copy the text below this box, and paste it into your preferred word-processing software. Add the following title and headings at the appropriate points in the text and at the appropriate levels (use second- and third-level headings): Traumatic Events Experienced trauma Witnessed trauma Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Repeated reliving Avoidance Arousal You are welcome to use other fonts or other typographical effects, but bold on these headings works just fine. Put your name, Headings Practice: Print, and the date on this document, and and either print it out or show it on screen to your instructor, or send it be e-mail attachment to your instructor.

Years ago, some military veterans were diagnosed with what was then called "shell shock" or "combat fatigue." Today, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) sufferers are known to include survivors of war, rape, or any other event that involves actual or threatened physical injury or assault. [1:4]

First-hand experience of trauma may result in PTSD. Examples include:

• violent personal assaults such as rape or mugging
• natural or human-caused disasters
• accidents
• military combat
• medical procedures, or heart attacks

PTSD may result from witnessing a loved one being hurt or killed especially when the event includes personal threat. Contemporary examples include people who witnessed September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and afterward suffered symptoms of PTSD.

Statistics show that PTSD has become very common. Four studies [1:5;d 2] point to the following statistics:

Symptoms occurred	Vietnam veterans	Rape victims	Rate of occurrence	Teenaged victims
1 week after	-	94%	-	-
1 year after	30%	50%	-	-
At some point	15%	-	5% of men 10% of women	20%

Note: "-" means data was not found; teenagers were victims of various assaults.

The National Institute of Mental Health says that PTSD can lead to depression, anxiety disorders, and feelings of intense guilt. [3] Many sufferers uncontrollably re-experience the trauma in their mind. In general, symptoms fall into three categories including:

The victim "relives" the event, which disturbs day-to-day activity. This category includes:

• Recurrent distressing memories of the event
• Recurrent dreams of the event
• Flashback episodes, where the event seems to be recurring
• Bodily reactions to situations that remind them of the event [3]

Victims may distance themselves in various ways, including:

• Inability to remember important aspects of the trauma
• Lack of interest in normal activities or things that were previously enjoyable
• Feelings of detachment
• Sense of having no future
• Emotional "numbing," or a feeling as though they don't care about anything.
• Reduced expression of moods
• Staying away from places, people, or objects that remind them of the event
• The feeling that surroundings are strange or unreal [1:4]

The victim's reaction to normal activities may be altered. These symptoms include:

• Irritability or outbursts of anger
• Sleeping difficulties
• Difficulty concentrating
• Exaggerated response to things that startle them
• Hypervigilance [3]