*ad tom into
*adas [Indo.] anise (Pimpinella)
adres [Dutc. adres, Fren. adresse, etc.] address
*aerodrom [Russ.] airport
afon [Fren. à fond] full (complete, thorough)
*aga [Taga. ága] early
agar [Indo.] so that
agas [Fren. agacer] to annoy, irritate (~ u x o y i z: x annoys y with z)
agat [Engl., Fren. agate] agate
*aglar [Sind.] glory
*aguti agouti (Dasyprocta)
ailur lesser panda (red panda) (Ailurus)
aka [Latv.] well (water source)
*akan [Indo.] about, concerning
akant [Gree. ákantha] thorn, spine, prickle
akiapolaau [Hawa.] 'akiapola'au (Hemignathus wilsoni / H. munroi)
*akit [Taga. ákit] to attract, lure
*akle [Hopi. aqle'] beside, next to
akord [Span. acordar] to agree (~ u x u y: x and y are in agreement; ~ u x o y: x agrees with proposition y)
*akordeon [Span. acordeón, Fren. accordéon] accordion
*akrep [Turk.] scorpion (Scorpionida)
aksil armpit
*akuci acushi (Myoprocta)
akut [Lati. acutus] sharp, pointed
akut-bek-an sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus)
al aux. to, up to, onto
ala [Finn.] area, place, region, extent
albatros [Engl., Dutc., Fren., etc.] albatross (Diomedea)
ale [Fren. aller] to go (~ u x o y: x goes to y)
*ali [Hopi.] delicious, pleasing to any of the senses
alk [Dutc.] auk (Alca)
*alka [Finn. alkaa] to start, begin
*almaz [Amha.] diamond
*alok [Taga. alók] to offer
*alpa [Indo.] careless
alpaka [Quec. alpaka] alpaca (Lama pacos)
*als [Germ.] than
ambli blunt
amper amp, ampere
*ampul [Turk. ampul, Fren. ampoule] light bulb
*an aux. generic suffix
*ana [Yoru. àna] related by marriage; in-law (e.g., anamat "mother-in-law") (formerly sxon)
anci [Chin. ànshì] hint
anel [Port. anel, Ital. anello] ring (circular band)
angulvan [Fren. engoulevent] nightjar (Caprimulgus)
anhinga anhinga (Anhinga)
ani ani (Crotophaga)
*ankla [Span. ancla] anchor
anko [Gree. ankó:n] elbow
anon anonymous
*anti opposite, anti-, counter-, Esperanto mal-
*antilop antelope (Hippotragus)
*aral [Taga. áral] to study
aralik [Turk. aralïk] December
*aran [Yoru. àrán] velvet
arbait [Germ. Arbeit] work (labor)
*arbei [Indo.] strawberry (Fragaria)
ard [Dutc. aarde] soil, dirt, earth
ardvark aardvark (Orycteropus)
ardwolf [Afri. aardwolf] aardwolf (Proteles)
argamas [Span. argamasa, Port. argamassa] mortar (for bricks)
argent silver (Ag, element 47)
argon argon (Ar, element 18)
ari [Japa.] ant (Formicidae)
ari-orn ground antbird (Formicarius)
*ari-yed-ul anteater (Myrmecophaga)
*arka [Ainu.] to hurt
*arko [Ital. arco] bow (musical)
arkt arctic (area north of Arctic Circle)
arm [Germ.] poor, indigent, destitute
armut [Turk.] pear (Pyrus)
arneb [Arab.] hare (Lepus)
arsenik arsenic (As, element 33)
*arti [Indo.] meaning; to mean
arts [Hung. arc] face
aru [Mbab. aru] wallaroo
arxe ancient
*asam [Indo.] tamarind (Tamarindus)
*asat [Hopi. aasat] at the same point in time
asfalt asphalt
asid [Engl. acid, Fren. acide] acid
asin [Lati. asinus, Ital. asino, Wels. asyn] donkey, ass, burro (Equus asinus)
asiti asity (Philepitta)
aspirin aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid
aster [Gree. asté:r] star (astronomical)
*aster-moyo constellation
asteroid asteroid
*astra [Russ., Czec., etc.] aster (Aster)
astrild [Fren., Germ.] waxbill (Estrilda)
ata [Yoru.] pepper (Piper)
*atca [Span. hacha] axe
atmos atmosphere
*ato atto- 10^-18
atom atom
au aux. exclusive or (either x or y, but not both)
auj [Arab. awj] tip, point, end, extremity
aur gold (Au, element 79)
aus [Germ.] out of, out from
auskult to listen to
auto automatic
avion [Fren. avion, Span. avión] airplane (aeroplane)
avon [Wels. afon] river
avoset avocet (Recurvirostra)
axandu [Port. arando] cranberry (Vaccinium ocycoccus, V. macrocarpon)
ayame [Japa. ayame "blue iris"] iris (flower) (Iris)
*ayo [Yoru. ayò] joy (formerly radost)
azbest [Fren. asbeste] asbestos
ba [onom.] baa
*babun baboon (Papio)
bad [Germ. Bad, Dutc., etc. bad] bath
bait [Engl.] byte
*baka [Ital. bacca] berry
*bakau [Indo.] mangrove (Rhizophora)
bakter bacterium (Eubacteria)
balah [Arab. balah] date (fruit, tree) (Phoenix)
*balak [Taga. bálak] plan
balans [Engl.] balance
balkon [Fren. balcon, Span. balcón, etc.] balcony
*balt [Enoc.] justice
*baltik [Taga. baltík] stubborn
ban [Engl., Fren.] ban
*banak [Taga. bának] mullet
bandar [Hind. bandar] monkey
*bangus [Taga. bangús] milkfish
bank bank (econ.)
*banta [Taga. bantá'] threat
barat [Span. barato] cheap, inexpensive
barb [Fren. barbe] beard
baril [Span. Port. barril] barrel (container)
barj [Fren. barge] godwit (Limosa)
bark [Arab. barq] lightning
barn [Swed., Dani., etc.] child (offspring); daughter, son
baston [Span. bastón] cane (walking stick)
batara [Span. batará] antshrike (Thamnophilus)
bato [Fren. bateau] boat, ship
*baya [Hind.] weaver (Ploceus) (formerly veber)
*bayag [Taga. bayág] testicle
*bayam [Indo.] spinach (Spinacia)
*be aux. to begin doing (verb marker)
bek [Fren. bec] beak, bill
bekard becard (Pachyramphus)
bekas [Fren. bécasse] woodcock (Scolopax)
bel bel (10 decibels)
belka [Russ. bélka] squirrel (Sciurus)
belki [Turk.] maybe, perhaps
belt [Engl.] belt (article of clothing)
bemol flat (musical)
*benzin gasoline, petrol
bereg [Russ. béreg] bank (geog.)
berg [Germ. Berg, Dutc., Swed. berg] mountain
berili beryllium (Be, element 4)
*bes [Fren. baiser, Span. beso, besar, etc.] a kiss; to kiss (~ u x u y: x and y kiss)
bet [Fren. bette] beet (Beta)
*bevais [Germ. Beweis] evidence (formerly evid)
*bewer [Dutc. beweren] assertion; to assert, affirm (formerly afirm)
bex [Iris. beach, Span. abeja] bee (Apoidea)
*beyeg [Hung. bélyeg] stamp (postage)
bezem [Dutc.] broom
*bilbi bilby, rabbit-bandicoot (Macrotis)
*bildu [Basq.] to gather, collect
bina [Turk. bina, Arab. biná] building
bint [Russ.] bandage
*bit [Engl.] bit (binary digit)
blast bud, sprout
blat [Fren. blatte] cockroach (Blattaria)
blaud [Wels. blawd] flour
blefar eyelid
blero [Fren. blaireau] badger (Meles)
*blesmol African mole rat, blesmol (Bathyergus)
blink [Engl.] blink; to blink
*blo [Lako.] potato (Solanum tuberosum)
blond [Fren.] blond
blu [Engl. blue, Fren. bleu] blue
blum [Germ. Blume] flower
blum-orn flowerpecker (Dicaeum)
*bluz [Fren. blouse, Hung. blúz, etc.] blouse
boa boa (Constrictor)
bog [Russ.] god, deity
*bog-ist theist
bokasa [Span. bocaza] broadbill (Eurylaimus)
bol [Russ. bol'] pain, ache
boli [Chin. bôli] glass
bom [Dutc. boom] tree
*bomba bomb
bon [Lati. bonum, Fren. bon] good, nice
*bon-on excellent, splendid, superb
bore [Wels.] morning
*bori bori (Octodontomys)
bork [Germ. Borke] bark (of tree)
boron boron (B, element 5)
boruvka [Poli. borówka, Czec. bor°uvka] blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. australe)
*bot [Fren. botte] boot
bov [Lati. bós, Gree. boûs, etc.] cow (male or female bovine) (Bos taurus)
*bov-glok cowbell
bov-karn beef
bov-orn cowbird (Molothrus)
brad [SeCr., Czec. brada] chin
bradi slow
*bram [Wels. bramu] to fart
braux [Germ. brauchen] to need, require
brav [Fren.] brave
braxi short
brik [Engl. brick, Fren. brique] brick
britva [Russ. brítva] razor
bromin bromine (Br, element 35)
bronz bronze
bros [Fren. brosse] brush
brot [Swed. brott] crime
brov [Russ. brov'] eyebrow
*bruk [Dutc. broek] pants, trousers
brun brown
buce [Fren. boucher] butcher
bud [Russ. budit', etc.] to wake, awaken
*bugok [Taga. bugók] rotten
*buk [Russ., Poli, etc.] beech (Fagus)
buko [Span. buco] puffbird (Bucco)
bulo [Fren. bouleau] birch (Betula)
burdon [Fren. bourdon] bumblebee
*burza [Czec. burza, Fren. bourse, etc.] stock exchange
*bus [Norw. buss] bus
buton [Roma. buton, Fren. bouton] button
butor [Fren.] bittern (Botaurus)
cak [Norw. sjakk, Germ. Schach, Hung. sakk, etc.] chess
cakal [Fren. chacal, Germ. Schakal] jackal (Canis simensis, C. adustus, C. mesomelas, C. aureus)
*calax [Hebr. shálach] to send
cama [Arab. sham'a, Amha. ^sama] candle
camo [Chin. shâmò] desert
camp [Fren. champ] field
*can [Chin. shànzi] fan (hand-held)
capo [Fren. chapeau] hat, cap
carf [Russ. sharf] scarf
cark [Arab. sharq, Turk. ,sark] east
*caxax [Hebr. shákhach] to forget
cayu [Chin. shâyú] shark
cele [Yoru. selè] to happen, occur
cen [Chin. shên] depth
cevroten [Fren. chevrotain] mouse deer, chevrotain (Tragulus)
*cidlo [Czec. ^sidlo, Poli. szyd-lo, etc.] awl
cifak [Malg.?] sifaka (Propithecus)
ciju [Chin. xîrù] to inhale
*cima [Japa. shima] stripe
cimbun [Japa. shimbun] newspaper
cin [Chin. xîn] heart (subconscious mind)
*cina [Lako. ^siná] blanket
cir [Arab. shi'r] poetry
cirok [Russ. shirókij] broad, wide
*ciso [Japa. shisso na] plain (unadorned)
cit [Russ. shit'] to sew
ckola school
*ckopa [Lako. ^skópa] concave
clan [Wels. llan] church
clem [Russ. shlem] helmet
*clig [Wels. llyg] shrew (Sorex)
*clola [Zulu. -hlola] to examine, inspect
*clos [Germ. Schloß] lock, padlock
cmuts [Germ. Schmutz] pej. smut (distasteful material)
co- very broad usage (e.g., kan=Canis, cokan=Canoidea)
cobin [Japa. shóbin] kingfisher (Halcyon)
*coset [Fre. chaussette] sock, stocking
cpigel [Germ. Spiegel] mirror
*cpil [Germ. Spiel] game (formerly lab)
cpint [Germ. Spint] bee-eater (Merops)
cpion [Russ. shpión] spy
crai [Germ. schreien] to shout, cry, scream, yell
*craub [Germ. Schraube] screw
ctar [Germ. Star] starling (Sturnus)
*ctek [Germ. Steg] bridge (musical)
cu [Chin. shû] book
*cu-top library
cukan [Japa. shúkan] week
cum [Russ. shum] noise
cuye [Chin. shùyè] sap
cwo [Chin. shuô] to speak, talk, say, tell (~ u x o y al z: x tells y to z)
*cwo-les unable to speak, speechless
*da aux. of (suffix form)
dacya [Chin. dàxiâ] prawn
dai [Cant. daaih] large (formerly makro)
daje [Russ. dázhe] even (emphatic)
dalam [Indo.] deep
dalf [Arab.] leak
dama [Chin. dàmá] hemp (Cannabis)
daman [Fren. daman] hyrax, dassie (Procavia)
*dank [Dutc.] thanks, thank you
dans [Fren. danse] dance
dar [Wels. dâr] oak (Quercus)
*darbz [Enoc. darbs] to obey
*darva [Latv.] tar
daum [Germ. Daumen] thumb, apposable digit
*dax [Germ. Dach] roof
*dayap [Taga. dáyap] lime (tree, fruit) (Citrus aurantifolia)
de aux. of (associated with)
deb [Span. deber, Lati. debére] to owe (~ u x o y al z: x owes y to z)
deb-ol debt
deb-ul debtor, one who owes
deg [Wels.] ten
deglut to swallow
*degu degu (Octodon)
deka deca-, 101
deks [Lati. dexter] right (hand)
del [Russ. délat'] to do
delf [Gree. delphýs] uterus, womb
deluj [Fren. déluge] flood
delutan [Hung. délután] afternoon
*denda [Indo.] fine (penalty)
*dent [Engl.] dent, indentation
desi deci-, 10^-1
desi-bel decibel
*desk [Engl.] desk
detras [Span. detrás] behind
di shorthand for repeating roots (e.g., di-parent=parent-parent="grandparent")
*di- shorthand for repeating roots (e.g., di-parent=parent-parent="grandparent")
di-barn grandchild; granddaughter, grandson
di-parent grandparent; grandfather, grandmother
dies sharp (musical)
dilbi [Arab.] plane-tree (Platanus)
dim [Engl.] dim
*din [Turk., Arab.] religion
dino dinosaur (Dinosauria)
divan [Russ., SeCr., etc.] sofa, couch
djadi [Nava. jádí] pronghorn (Antilocapra)
*djaket [Ital. giacchetta, Engl. jacket] jacket
*djarak [Indo. jarak] castor bean, castor-oil plant (Ricinus)
djep [Turk. cep] pocket, pouch
djidoca [Japa. jidósha] car (automobile)
djiko [Japa. jiko] accident
djima [Chin. zhîma] sesame (Sesamum)
dju [Chin. zhú] bamboo
djuhwa [Chin. júhuâ] chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum)
dodo [Engl.] dodo (Raphus)
*doka [Amha. dok'a] bead
dolar [Engl.] dollar
dom [Russ.] home
don to give (~ u x o y al z: x gives y to z)
*dorm [Lati. dormíre, etc.] to sleep (formerly spat)
dors [Lati. dorsum] back, rear, posterior
dotc [Russ. doch'] daughter
doya [Cher. doya] beaver (Castor)
*doye [Zulu. u-doye] secretary bird (Sagittarius)
*doyel [Beng.] magpie robin (Copsychus)
drak dragon
drapo [Fren. drapeau] flag
*dres [Engl.] dress (article of clothing)
drongo drongo (Dicrurus)
drost [Russ. drozd, Swed. trast, Germ. Drossel] thrush (Turdus)
*druzma [Latv. drûzma] crowd
du [Lati. duo, Indo. dua] two, pair, couple
du-deg twenty
du-hok dozen
duben [Czec.] April
duk [Lati. dúcere] to lead
dum [Russ. dúmat'] to think
dupel [Russ.] snipe (Gallinago)
durak [Russ. durák] fool
dut [Fren. doute] doubt
dver [Russ. dver'] door
dwei [Chin. duî] heap
dyan [Chin. dián] electricity
dzai [Chin. zài] again
dzijan [Chin. zìrán] nature
*ebri [Lati. ébrius] drunk
*ec [Hung. és] and (formerly et)
ecas [Fren. échasse] stilt (Himantopus)
*edro [Sind.] to open
eftipi [Engl. FTP] to transfer files over a network
ei [Russ.] aux. hey!
ek one
ek-korn-an {Lati. unicornis "one-horned"} unicorn
eker [Engl.] acre
ekim [Turk.] October
*ekrin [Enoc. ecrin] praise
eksa exa-, 10^18
el to cause, make (w ~ lu x u y o z: x causes y to do w to z)
elf [Engl.] elf
eloku [Finn. elokuu] August
emet [Gree. eméo:] to vomit
en an act of becoming; to become (en u x o y: x becomes y)
enaga [Japa.] long-tailed tit (Aegithalos)
enki [Gree. énkyos] pregnant
epu [Fren. époux, épouse] spouse, husband, wife
*erev [Hebr. 'erev] evening
ermin [Lati.] ermine, stoat (Mustela erminea)
eros sexual desire
*eros-li erotic
*ert [Swed. ärt, Dani. ært, Dutc. erwt] pea
es an act of being; to be (~ u x o y: x is y)
es-el to cause to be, make (~ lu x u y: x causes y)
*estel [Sind.] hope
etaj [Fren. étage] floor, stor(e)y
etli [Cher. etli] American mink (Mustela vison)
faci [Chin. fâshì] to swear
*fagot [Germ. Fagott] bassoon
*fagot-on contrabassoon
*fai [Thai. \fa:y] cotton (Gossypium) (formerly kuton)
fal [Engl. fall, Germ. fallen] to fall
falarop phalarope (Phalaropus)
falk [Dani., Swed.] falcon (Falco)
*fam [Fren. faim, etc.] hunger
fan [Engl.] fan (enthusiast)
fanaloka Malagasy civet, fanaloka (Fossa)
fanyi [Chin. fânyì] to translate
far [Ital. fare] to make, produce
farad farad
farmak [Gree. phármakon] medicine, drug
fasil [Fren. facile, Span. fácil] easy
fazan [Germ. Fasan, Russ. fazan, etc.] pheasant (Phasianus, etc.)
fe [Fren. fée] fairy, sprite, pixie
feiyan [Chin. fèiyán] pneumonia
*felt [Engl., Ital. feltro, etc.] felt (material)
fem [Lati. fémina] female
fem-bov cow (female bovine)
fem-reg queen
*femto femto-, 10^-15
fer [Fren.] iron (Fe, element 26)
*fercvind [Germ. verschwinden] to vanish, disappear
fertil fertile
fet [Germ. fett] fat
feter [Germ. Vetter, Norw. fetter] cousin
fev [Fren. fève] bean
*fi aux. to finish doing (verb marker)
fi aux. indirect reporting marker
*fig [Engl., etc.] fig (Ficus)
*fika [Zulu.] to arrive
fil to love
filik fern (Filicopsida)
fin end (final)
*fink [Swed.] finch (Fringilla) (formerly fringil)
fisi [Swah. fisi] hyena (Hyaena)
fit plant
fit-tom-ul plantcutter (Phytotoma)
fitis [Dutc., Germ.] willow warbler (Phylloscopus)
flac [Germ. Flasche] bottle
flag [Lati. flagrum, flagellum] whip
flamingo [Engl., Germ., Russ., etc.] flamingo (Phoenicopterus)
*flank side
flat [Engl., Dutc.] apartment
flaut [Ital. flauto] flute
*flaut-ito piccolo
*flaut-on alto flute
flav yellow
flec [Fren. flèche] arrow (weapon)
fleg to burn
flo [Germ. Floh] flea
flok [Engl.] flock
flu flu, influenza (Influenzavirus)
fluorin fluorine (F, element 9)
fo, fo- [Fren. faux] false (not authentic)
fob fear
fok [Fren. phoque] seal (Phoca)
fon sound (noise)
fonar [Russ. fonár'] lantern
font font (typography)
*fork [Engl.] fork
*forkla [Norw. forklä] apron
fos [Fren. fosse] pit (in the ground)
fosfor phosphorus (P, element 15)
fot [Gree. phô:s] light (illumination)
fovet [Fren. fauvette] Old World warbler (Sylviidae)
frajil [Fren. fragile] fragile, delicate, brittle
frakt to break (a solid object)
frank franc
frankolin francolin (Francolinus)
fraz phrase
fregat frigatebird (Fregata)
fren [Fren. frein, Span., Ital. freno] brake
frer [Fren. frère] brother
*fret [Eng.] fret (musical)
*frig [Gree. phrýgo:] to fry
frud [Wels. ffrwd] stream, brook, creek, rivulet
*frukt [Swed., etc.] fruit, seed-bearing product of flowering plant
fuc [Malg. fosa] fossa (Cryptoprocta)
fud [Engl.] food
fulan [Chin. fulàn] to rot
fulk [Fren. foulque] coot (Fulica)
fum [Fren. fumée] smoke
*funa [Zulu.] to want
fur [Germ. für] for, in exchange for
furn [Lati. furnus, Wels. ffwrn] oven
furu [Norw.] pine (Pinus)
fut [Engl.] foot (12 inches)
fwa [Fren. foi] faith
gacim [Arab. ghashím] stupid
gadjara [Waru. gajarra] possum
*gahal [Enoc.] to exist
*gaida [Bulg.] bagpipe
galinul gallinule (Gallinula)
*galka [Russ.] jackdaw (Corvus monedula)
gam [Gree. gámos] marriage; to marry (~ u x o y o z: x joins y and z in marriage; ~o x o y: x and y get married)
*gamelan [Indo.] gamelan
ganga [Fren., Span.] sandgrouse (Pterocles)
gans [Germ. Gans, Dutc. gans; Japa. gan, Dani./Swed. gås] goose (Anser)
*gant [Span. guante, Fren. gant] glove
*garbi [Basq.] pure
garulak laughingthrush (Garrulax)
gayeta [Span. galleta] cracker
gazal [Arab. ghazál] gazelle (Gazella)
geld [Germ. Geld] money
gemz [Germ. Gemse] chamois (Rupicapra)
gen [Wels.] jaw
genu [Lati. genú] knee
genu-kost kneecap
gepard [Fren. guépard, Germ. Gepard] cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
*gift [Germ., Dani., Swed.] poison, venom (formerly toksik)
giga billion (thousand million); giga-, 10^9
gigas giant, gigantic
gik [Engl.] geek
*gima [Gami.] marsupial mouse
gimno [Gree. gymnós] naked, exposed, nude, bare
*giragit [Hind. giragit] chameleon
*gitar [Fren. guitare, etc.] guitar
glan [Wels. glân] clean
glareol [Fren. glaréole] pratincole (Glareola)
glas [Wels.] blue, cyan
glau [Wels. glaw] rain
glezna [Roma. gleznà] ankle
gli glue, paste
gliba [Russ. glýba] lump
glik sweet
glo [Wels.] coal
glob ball, sphere, globe
glok [Germ. Glocke] bell
glos [Gree. glô:ssa] tongue
glut buttock
gnos knowledge (certain), gnosis
gnos-les agnostic
gnos-les-ti Agnosticism
gofra [Fren. gaufre] pocket gopher
golub [Russ. gólub'] dove, pigeon (Columba)
gorb [Russ.] hump
gorila gorilla (Gorilla)
gork [Russ. górkij] bitter
gorod [Russ. górod] city
gors [Dutc.] bunting (Emberiza)
gra [Swed. grå, Engl. gray] gray
grad [Russ.] hail (stones)
graf to write (~ u w o x i y ni z: w writes x on z with a y.)
gram gram
granj [Fren. grange] barn
*grar [Amha.] acacia, thorn tree (Acacia)
*gratis free, without cost
graus [Engl. grouse] grouse (Tetrao)
*grav [Dani., Swed.] tomb, grave
greb [Fren. grèbe] grebe (Podiceps)
grens [Dutc. grens] border
grom [Russ.] thunder
grom-dino Apatosaurus
grub [Russ. grúbyj] rough
gruz [Russ.] load
gu [Fren. goût] taste, preference
gudjila [Jirr.] bandicoot
gukwe [Cher. guque] New World quail (Callipepla)
gul [Lati. gula] throat
*guli [Indo.] marble (small glass ball)
gulo wolverine (Gulo)
gurk [Germ. Gurke] cucumber (Cucumis)
gut [Norw. gutt] boy
gwan guan (Penelope)
gwei [Chin. gui] ghost
ha aux. past tense verb marker
habro [Gree. habrós] delicate, frail, dainty, sensitive
hai [Chin. hai] sea
haipa [Chin. hàipà] afraid
haitun [Chin. haitún] dolphin (Delphinus)
hak [Arab. haqq] right (legal)
*hal [Gree. hálas] salt (chemical)
hals [Dutc., Swed., etc.] neck
*halu [Taga. hálu] to stir
*hamsi [Turk.] anchovy (Engraulidae)
*handa [Taga. handá] ready, prepared
har [Swed. här, Dani., Norw. hær] army
hara [Japa.] belly
hart [Engl.] heart (shape)
*hasad [Indo.] envy, jealousy
hasu [Japa.] lotus (Nelumbo)
haut [Germ. Haut] skin
*hav [Wels. haf] summer (formerly leto)
havik [Dutc.] goshawk (Accipiter)
he aux. the one called x (name marker)
hekpa [Hopi.] spruce (Picea)
hekto hecto-, 10^2
hel [Germ. hell] light (shade of color)
*helf [Germ. helfen] help, aid
heli helium (He, element 2)
helias sunbittern (Eurypyga)
helik spiral
*hemi half
hepat [Gree. hê:par] liver
hest [Dani., Norw.] horse (Equus caballus)
hidrogen hydrogen (H, element 1)
*hihin [Hopi.] a little, a bit
*hika [Taga. híka'] asthma
hikui [Japa.] low
*hila [Taga. híla] to pull
hilir [Indo.] downstream
hipokrit hypocrite
hir [Wels.] long (length)
hirc [Germ. Hirsch] deer (Cervus)
hirt [Germ. Hirt] herder (shepherd, etc.)
*hiya [Taga. híya] shy, bashful
hohu [Hopi.] juniper (Juniperus)
hok [Thai.] six
hok-deg sixty
*hoksu [Gash.] wonderful
hom [SLat. Homo] human being (Homo)
horn [Germ. Horn] horn (French horn)
*horn-ito bugle
hort [Lati. hortus] garden
hospowi [Hopi.] roadrunner (Geococcyx)
*hovi [Hopi. hoovi] hip
*hoxpa [Lako. ho^hpá] cough (formerly kof)
*hoya [Hopi. hööya] yellowjacket
hu aux. let (it, he, she, etc.), may (it, he, she, etc.)
hulu [Chin. húlu] gourd (Cucurbita)
*husko [Ainu.] old (opposed to new)
hwa [Chin. huà] to paint (~ u w o x i y ni z: w paints x on z with a y.)
hwan [Chin. huán] link
hwatsin hoatzin (Opisthocomus)
hwei [Chin. huî] ash, ashes
i aux. with, by means of, using as a tool or instrument
ibis [Engl., Fren., Russ.] ibis (Threskiornis)
ibis-rinx-an ibisbill (Ibidorhyncha)
*icu [Yoru. isu] yam (Dioscorea)
*id member of a family in a classification system
imbir [Russ. imbír'] ginger
indisent [Engl.] indecent
*ingus [Indo.] nasal mucus
ink [Engl.] ink
intc [Engl.] inch
intestin intestine
intro introduction; to introduce (~ u x o y al z: x introduces y to z)
iodin iodine (I, element 53)
iora iora (Aegithina)
irena fairy bluebird (Irena)
iskat [Russ. iskát'] to seek
*iskrem [Norw.] ice cream
iskuc [Russ. iskushénije] temptation; to tempt (~ u x o y i z: x tempts y with z)
iskuc-il temptation; something that is tempting
isla [Span.] island
*ist -ist
*isuka [Japa.] crossbill (Loxia)
*ite [Lako. ité] forehead (formerly tcelo)
ito [Span.] small thing, diminutive (e.g., musk=fly, muskito=mosquito)
*itopta [Lako. itopta sapa, sápa="black"] black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)
*ixa [Lako. i^há] smile; to smile
*izm -ism
iznos [SeCr.] amount, quantity
jamal [Arab.] camel (Camelus)
jamus [Arab. jámús] buffalo (Bubalus)
jarad [Arab. jarád] locust (insect)
jasana jaçana (Jacana)
jazar [Arab.] carrot
jazer [Fren. jaseur] waxwing (Bombycilla)
je [Russ. zhe] aux. (emphasis)
*jed [SeCr. ^zeð] thirst
jei [Fren. geai] jay (Garrulus)
jen [SeCr., Czec. ^zena] woman
jen-epu wife
*jen-pan madam, Mrs., Miss, Ms.
jencen [Chin. rénshên] ginseng
*jenet [Fren. genette] genet (Genetta)
jiz [Arab.] beetle (Coleoptera)
jue [Fren. jouer] to play (game)
julan [Russ. zhulan] shrike (Lanius)
*jup [Fren. jupe, Russ. yúbka] skirt
*jupi [Hopi. ruupi] flash
jur [Fren. jour] day
ka aux. question marker
*kabit [Taga.] to connect, join, attach, fasten
kac [Engl.] cash
kacalot [Fren. cachalot] sperm whale
kad [SeCr. kada] aux. while, during, as
kafe [Fren. café] café
kafur [Arab. káfúr] eucalyptus, gum tree (Eucalyptus)
kagu kagu (Rhynochetos)
kahwi [Arab. qahwi] coffee (drink)
kai [Gree.] also, too
kaisa [Roma. caisà, Turk. kaysï, etc.] apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
*kait [Engl.] kite (on a string)
kajdi [Russ. kázhdyj] every, each
kako [Gree. kakos] bad
kaku [Finn. kaakku] cake
*kal [Dutc. kaal, Lati. calvus, etc.] bald (formerly kalv)
kala [Hopi. qaala] woodrat, pack rat (Neotoma)
*kalatsutsi [Taga. kalatsútsi] frangipani (Plumeria)
kalci calcium (Ca, element 20)
kali beauty; beautiful
kalik covering, shell
kalk [Germ. Kalk] lime (CaO)
kalt [Germ.] cold (temperature)
*kam [Thai. \kæ:m] cheek (formerly poski)
kami [Japa.] paper
kami-pli origami
*kampanel [Ital. campanelli] glockenspiel
kamra camera
*kamuy [Ainu.] bear (animal) (Ursus) (formerly medved)
*kamuy-sivet binturong, bear cat (Arctictis)
*kamyon [Span. camión] truck, lorry
kan [Lati. canis, Ital. cane] dog (Canis)
kanal canal
*kanta [Lako. k'áñta] plum (Prunus domestica)
*kanu [Hopi. qanu] gall bladder
kanyon canyon
*kapibara capybara (Hydrochoerus)
kapito barbet (Capito)
*kaplis [Latv.] hoe
*kapok [Taga. kápok] kapok (Ceiba)
kaptan [Turk.] captain
*kapu [Hawa.] taboo
*kar [Hung.] arm (formerly ruka)
*kara [Quec. qara, Lati. corium, Poli. skóra] leather (formerly jild)
karaka [Span. carraca] roller (Coracias)
karb charcoal
kard [Arab. qard] loan
kardia [Gree. kardía] heart (organ)
kardinal cardinal, grosbeak, etc. (Cardinalis)
karfiol [Hung.] cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)
karin keel
*karin [Turk. karïn] abdomen
karn [Span. carne] meat
karp carp (Cyprinidae)
*karpol [Hebr. qarpól] clove (Syzygium)
kart map
karton [Span. cartón] cardboard
*kasa [Span. casa] house
kasik cacique (Cacicus)
kasim [Turk. kasïm] November
*kastan chestnut (Castanea)
*kastanyet [Fren. castagnettes] castanets
kastra [Lati. castráre] castration; to castrate
kasuari cassowary (Casuarius)
katca [Hung. kacsa] duck (Anas)
katcurka [Russ. kachurka] storm-petrel (Hydrobates)
katedral [Span. catedral] cathedral
*kautcuk [Turk. kauçuk, etc.] rubber (material)
kav hollow
*kaved [Hebr. káved] heavy
*kavo [Hopi. qaavo] tomorrow
kaxkuwe [Lena. kaxkhuwe] New World cuckoo (Coccyzus)
*kay [Ainu.] to bend
*kaya [Ainu.] sail
*ke aux. generic verb marker
keler [Germ. Keller] cellar, basement
kelk [Fren. quelque] any, some
kelp [Engl.] kelp (Laminariales)
kemi [Swed., Dani.] chemistry
*ken [Germ. kennen] to know (be acquainted with)
*kena [Hopi. qeena] to soak
*kera [Indo.] ape
kerefa [Amha. k'äräfa] cinnamon (Cinnamomum)
*ketel [Dutc.] kettle
*keya [Lako. kéya] turtle, tortoise, terrapin
ki which, what (question)
ki-raz [ki + Russ. raz] when, at which time (question)
ki-rezon why (question)
ki-ta who
ki-top where
kibel [Hebr. qibél] to accept, receive
kiboko [Swah.] hippopotamus (Hippopotamus)
kifaru [Swah. kifaru] rhinoceros (Rhinocerus)
*kiki [Quec.] same, alike
*kikyu [Quec. k'ikllu] narrow
*kilk [Esto.] cricket (Gryllidae) (formerly gril)
kilo thousand; kilo-, 10^3
kin [Engl.] relative, kin
kinet motion; to move
*kino [Germ. Russ., etc.] motion picture, movie
kinz [Arab.] treasure
*kirlan [Enoc. chirlan] to rejoice
kirpi [Turk.] hedgehog
kis [Arab. kís] sack
*kisli [Russ. kíslyj] sour
kit [Russ.] whale
*kit [Russ.] whale (Balaenoptera)
*kita [Taga. kíta] meeting; to meet, encounter
kivit [Dutc. kievit] lapwing (Vanellus)
kiwi kiwi (Apteryx)
kiyuga [Cher. kiyu:ga] chipmunk (Tamias)
kiz [Turk. kïz] girl
klad branch, twig
klai [Thai. \klay] near, close
klar [Germ. klar, Span. claro, etc.] clear
*klarinet [Fren. clarinette, etc.] clarinet
*klarinet-ito E-flat clarinet
*klarinet-on bass clarinet
klav key
*klavir [Germ. Klavier] piano
klept to steal, rob
*kloc [Fren. cloches] tubular bells
klon clone
*klop [Russ.] bug
klorin chlorine (Cl, element 17)
klots [Germ. Klotz] log (wood)
klots-kur-ul logrunner (Orthonyx)
*klupa [SeCr.] bench
*knet [Germ. kneten] to knead
knok [Iris. cnoc] hill
ko [Japa. kono, kore] this
*ko- [Japa. kono, kore] this
ko-jur today
ko-raz now
ko-top here
*koala koala (Phascolarctos)
*kobai [Fren. cobaye, Turk. kobay, etc.] guinea pig, cavy (Cavia)
kobalt cobalt (Co, element 27)
*kobra [Engl., Fren., etc. cobra] cobra
*koda [Lako. kodá] friend
*koipu nutria, coypu (Myocastor)
*kokako kokako (Callaeas)
kokoku [Japa. kókoku] advertisement
*kokopi [Hopi. qöqöpi] yellow-breasted chat (Icteria)
kol [Span. col, Dutc. kool, etc.] cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
koli [Fren. coliou] mousebird (Colius)
kolibri [Span. colibri] hummingbird (Archilochus)
kolo [Czec.] bicycle
*kom [Gree. kome] hair on head
koma [Japa.] robin (Erithacus)
kon cone (geometrical shape)
kondil knuckle
*kono [Hawa.] invitation; to invite
kontinent [Lati. continéns] continent, mainland
*kontrabas [Germ. Kontrabass, etc.] bass (double bass)
konyok [Russ.] pipit (Anthus)
*kop [Dutc. koopen, Swed. köpa, etc.] to buy (~ u w o x van y fur z: w buys x from y in exchange for z) (formerly acet)
kopi [Fren. copie] copy
kor [Lati. cor] core, heart, distinct central part
koral coral
korb [Germ. Korb] basket
*korka [Ainu.] aux. though
korn [Fren. corne, Wels. corn, etc.] horn (of animal)
*kornet [Germ. Kornett, etc.] cornet
koron crown (part of head)
korv crow (Corvus)
*kosa [Span., Ital. cosa] thing
*kosmos universe
kost [Czec., SeCr. kost, Russ. kost'] bone
kotinga cotinga (Cotinga)
koxlea cochlea
koyaniskatsi [Hopi. koyaanisqatsi] life out of balance
koyot [Azte. (Nahuatl?) coyotl] coyote (Canis latrans) =preri vuk "prairie wolf"
*kpaki [Yoru. pákí] manioc, cassava (Manihot)
*krab [Engl. crab, Fren. crabe] crab (Brachyura)
krai [Russ. kraj] edge, rim
kraks curassow (Crax)
kran [Fren. crâne] skull, cranium
*krank [Germ.] sick, ill
kraska [Russ. kráska] dye
*kravat [Fren. cravatte, etc.] tie (necktie)
*kred belief; to believe
krem [Fren. crème] cream
kreta chalk
*krevet [Fren. crevette] shrimp
*krez [Bret.] shirt
*krib [Dutc.] crib
krig [Swed., Dani., Norw.] war
kril [Russ. kryló, SeCr. krilo, etc.] wing
kristal crystal
krolik [Russ. królik] rabbit
krov [Russ. krov'] blood
krug [Russ., SeCr.] circle
krug-li [Russ. krúglyj] round (circular)
krum [Germ. Krümmung] curve
krus [Lati. crux] cross
ksif sword
ksil [Gree. xýlon] wood
ku aux. imperative marker
kudetat [Fren.] coup d'état
kuina [Japa.] rail, crake (Rallus)
kukal [Fren. coucal] coucal (Centropus)
kuku [Fren. coucou, Engl. cuckoo] Old World cuckoo (Cuculus)
kul [Engl.] cool, neat, nifty, wicked (colloq.)
kum aux. with (in the sense "having")
*kumel [Germ. Kümmel] caraway
kuntur [Quec.] Andean condor (Vultur)
kupra copper (Cu, element 29)
kur to run
kurli [Fren. courlis] curlew (Numenius)
kurvit [Fren. courvite] courser (Cursorius)
kusi [Quec.] happy, glad
kust [Russ.] bush
*kusu [Ainu.] because (formerly rezon-a)
kutu [Turk.] box (container)
*kuya [Uzbe.] moth (Lepidoptera)
kveten [Czec. kvêten] May
kvist [Dani., Norw.] attic
kwadre square
kwayo [Hopi. kwaayo] buzzard, buteo, hawk (Buteo)
kwazb [Enoc. quasb] to destroy
*kwir [Fren. cuire] to cook
kwo aux. denotes quoted material
la aux. definite article; the
la lun the moon
la mond [Fren. monde] the world, Earth
laba [Chin. laba] trumpet
*laba-ito piccolo trumpet
*laga [Taga. lága] to boil (food)
*lagart lizard (formerly saur)
*lagim [Taga. lagím] gloom
lai [Chin. lái] to come
lain [Indo.] other, another
*laiton [Finn.] illegal, prohibited by law
lak [Fren. lac] lake
*laks [Norw.] salmon
lakt [Lati. lac] milk (liquid from mammary glands)
lakuna gap
*lale [Turk.] tulip (Tulipa)
lamina thin plate
lan [Fren. laine, Span. lana, etc.] wool
*lana [Yoru. láná] yesterday
land [Germ. Land, Dutc. land, etc.] country, nation, land
langur [Hind. langûr] langur (Presbytis)
*langust [Esto. langust, Fren. langouste] crayfish (crawfish)
lanhwa [Chin. lánhuâ] orchid
lants [Roma. lan,t, Hung. lánc] chain
lanugo down, fine hair
lapid [Lati. lapis] stone, rock (material)
lapid-orn rockfowl (Picathartes)
lapis [Span. lápiz] pencil
lar [Turk. -lar] a quantity of, some, plural
lard [Fren. lard, Ital. lardo] bacon
lark [Engl.] lark (Alauda)
larva larva
las [Germ. lassen] to let, allow, permit (w ~ lu x u y o z: x allows y to do w to z)
laser [Engl.] laser
lasif [Fren. lascif] lascivious
laska [Russ. láska] weasel (Mustela)
*lat [Swed.] lazy
laton [Span. latón] brass
laucu [Chin. laoshu] rat (Rattus)
laula [Finn. laulaa] to sing
laut [Germ.] loud
lauz [Arab.] almond (Prunus amygdalus)
lav to wash
*lax [Germ. lachen] laugh; to laugh
le aux. perfective aspect verb marker
led [Russ., SeCr., etc.] ice (solid water)
leden [Czec.] January
leg an act of reading; to read
leix [Gree. leícho:] to lick
leje [Fren. léger] light (weight)
lekar [SeCr.] doctor (medical)
len mild
lent [Span., Ital. lente, etc.] lens
lepke [Hung.] butterfly (Papilionoidea)
*lepke-kravat bowtie
les [Engl. -less] aux. without
*les without, -less
lest [Engl.] lest
*leta [Swah. kuleta] to bring (~ u x o y al z: x brings y to z) (formerly aport)
leuk white
lev [SeCr. levo, etc.] left (hand)
*lezat [Indo.] tasty, delicious
*li -like, having the quality of (e.g., krug="circle", krugli="round")
*li-n related entity
*libelul [Fren. libellule] dragonfly
liber free, at liberty
liber-el to free, rescue, save (~ lu x u y de z: x frees y from z)
libra pound (unit of weight)
licu [Chin. lìshû] almanac
lido [Ital.] shore, coast
lift [Arab.] turnip (Brassica rapa)
lig to bind, tie (~ u w o x o y i z: w ties x to y with a z)
*lila [Span., etc.] lilac (Syringa)
*limas [Fren. limace] slug
limf lymph
*lin [Gree. línon, Span. lino, etc.] flax (Linum)
*lin-tux linen
*linda [Zulu.] to wait (for)
*lindol [Taga. lindól] earthquake
lip [Engl., Dutc.] lip
lira [Swed.] shearwater (Puffinus)
lisa [Russ. lisá] fox (Vulpes)
list [Russ.] leaf, blade (of grass), etc.
list-orn leafbird (Chloropsis)
liti lithium (Li, element 3)
*litko [Czec., Slov. lýtko] calf (of leg)
lo aux. which, that, who, what
lob lobe
*lobak [Indo.] radish (Raphanus)
loc [Maya. lo^s] fist
lof ridge, crest
log word
log-cu dictionary
lojik [Fren. logique] logic
lom [Dani., Swed.] loon (Gavia)
lu aux. by, caused by
lud [Engl.] lewd
luft [Germ., Swed., Dani., Norw.] air
*luhi [Hawa.] tired, fatigued, weary
luk [Russ., SeCr.] onion (Allium cepa)
lun [Fren. lune] moon, satellite
lus to shine
lutea orange-yellow
luwei [Chin. lúwei] reed
lyama [Quec. llama] llama (Lama glama)
ma aux. suitable as
*ma aux. suitable as
mabi [Jirr. mabi] tree kangaroo
magnesi magnesium (Mg, element 12)
*mahu [Hopi. maahu] cicada
mail [Engl.] mile (5280 feet)
main [Wels.] thin, slender
mais [Fren. maïs, Span. maíz, etc.] corn (maize)
maisak [Thai. ´may`sak] teak (Tectona grandis)
makak [Fren. macaque] macaque (Macaca)
maki [Fre., Germ.] lemur (Lemuridae)
*mako [Basq.] hook
*makrel [Iris. maicréal, Wels. macrell, etc.] mackerel (Scomber)
*makri [Hind.] spider (Araneida) (formerly araxne)
makul spot (round mark)
mal [Fren. mâle] male
mal-bov bull (male bovine)
mal-reg king
*mala [Latv.] margin, region near edge
malak soft (not hard)
*malina [SeCr., Rus., etc.] raspberry (Rubus)
malur fairywren (Malurus)
*mamo [Haw.] honeycreeper (Drepanis) (formerly drepan)
*mandolin mandolin
manga [Japa.] comic book, manga
*manganes manganese (Mn, element 25)
mangar [Mbab. mangarr] gray kangaroo (Macropus)
*mantel [Germ. Mantel] cloak
*marimba marimba
marj [Arab.] meadow
mark mark (currency)
*marmo [Ital.] marble (stone)
*marmot [Fren. marmotte, etc.] marmot (Marmota)
mas [Fren. masse, Engl. mass] mass (quantity of matter)
*masa [Span.] dough
*mask [Engl.] mask
maslo [Russ. máslo, etc.] butter
mast [Gree. mastós] breast, mammary gland
mat [Russ. mat', Lati. mater] mother
mau [Chin. mâo] cat (Felis)
*maz [Latv.] few
*mazal [Hebr. mazzál] luck
mazi [Arab. ma'zi] goat (Capra)
me aux. imperfective aspect verb marker
mec [Russ. meshat'] to mix (~ u w o x o y i z: w mixes x and y with a z)
media middle, center, midpoint
medjiro [Japa. mejiro] white-eye (Zosterops)
medula medulla
*meduz [Fren. méduse] jellyfish (Scyphozoa)
mega million; mega-, 10^6
mejdu [Russ. mézhdu] between
mel [Gree. melas] black
*mel-oriol New World blackbird (Agelaius) (formerly mel-ikter)
mel-orn blackbird (Turdus merula)
mel-orn {Engl.} blackbird (Turdus merula)
*melak [Amha. mäl'ak] angel (formerly angel)
*melk [Germ. melken] to milk
*melur [Indo.] jasmine (Jasminum)
men month
menc [Germ. Mensch] person
menc-lar people, persons
mensa table
menura lyrebird (Menura)
merd [Fren. merde] excrement, dung, etc.
mes [Fren. messe, Germ. Messe] mass (religious occasion)
mesit mesite (Mesitornis)
mesto [Russ. mésto] room, space
met meter (unit of measurement)
*metal [Engl., Span., etc.] metal
metro subway
mew [Dutc. meeuw] gull (Larus)
mez [Hung. méz] honey
mez-laska honey badger (ratel) (Mellivora)
mez-orn honeyeater (Meliphaga)
mi- narrow usage (e.g., mau=Felis, mimau=Felis catus)
miceta fungus, mushroom
midin [Jirr. midin] ring-tail possum
mik small, little
*mik-yin microtone
mikro micro-, 10^-6
mili milli-, 10^-3
mim mimic
mina [Arab. mína] harbor
mini miniature
*minta [Indo.] to ask, request, solicit
mir [Russ.] peace
mirt [Russ.] myrtle (Myrtus communis)
misago [Japa.] osprey (Pandion)
mist [Engl.] mist
*mlad [SeCr.] young
*mlin [SeCr.] mill
mnemo memory
mocu [Chin. móshù] magic
mod [Ital. modo] manner, way
mogwei [Chin. mógui] devil
*mol [Span. moler, Russ. molot', etc.] to grind
mond [Fren. monde] world, inhabited planet
mont [Fren. montrer] to show, present (mont u x o y al z: x shows y to z)
mor [Lati. morí, etc.] to die
mord [Fren. mordre] to bite
morf shape
mork [Swed. mörk, Dani., Norw. mørk] dark, darkness
mors [Fren. morse] walrus (Odobenus)
most [Russ., Poli., etc.] bridge (structure)
mox [Wels. moch] pig, swine, hog (Sus)
*moyo [Japa. moyó] pattern
mozg [Russ.] brain
mu [onom.] moo
muci [Chin. mùshî] priest
*mufet [Fren. mouffette] skunk (Mephitis)
*mukan [Finn. mukaan] according to
*mukgwa [Cant. muhkgwâ] papaya (Carica)
mul [Lati. múlus, Russ. mul, etc.] mule
muli [Chin. mulì] oyster
muli-orn oystercatcher (Haematopus)
mum [Thai.] corner
mur [Lati. mús] mouse (Mus)
mur-ven mouse (computer accessory)
*muras [Dutc. moeras] swamp, marsh, bog, fen
muriki muriki, woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles)
*mus [Pass. mus] moose (Alces)
musk [Lati. musca] fly (insect)
musk-ito mosquito
*musk-orn Old World flycatcher (Muscicapa)
mut [Germ. Mut] courage
*muz [Turk., Amha.] banana (formerly banan)
mwayen [Fren. moyen] average, mean
na aux. present tense verb marker
nabi [Arab.] prophet
nadel [Germ. Nadel] needle, pin
nafs [Arab.] soul
*nafta [Latv.] oil, petroleum
*nagel [Germ. Nagel] nail (for nailing)
*namo [Hopi.] shin
*nan [Thai. na:n] long (time)
*nanas [Indo.] pineapple
nano nano-, 10^-9
*napa [Lako. napá] to evade
*nar [Arab. nár] fire, flame
*narantc [Hung. narancs, Span. naranja] orange (tree, fruit) (Citrus sinensis) (formerly djudzi)
nat birth; to be born
nat jur birthday
*natri [Norw., Dani. natrium] sodium (Na, element 11)
nau [Arab. nau'] sort, kind (of), type
*naug [Sind.] dwarf (formerly nan)
*nauka [Poli., Russ., SeCr.] science
naul [Arab.] loom
naut sailor
*nax [Germ. nach] aux. after (formerly post)
*nax-barn descendant (formerly post-barn)
*naz [Enoc.] pillar, column
ne aux. not
*ne- aux. not
*ne-bog-ist atheist
*ne-yau lack; to lack
nebel [Germ. Nebel] fog, haze
nebel-pard [Germ. Nebelparder] clouded leopard (Neofelis)
nebo [Russ. nébo] sky, heaven(s)
*ned [Dani., Norw.] down (dir.) (formerly nid)
nefro [Gree. nephros] kidney
neg negative (number)
*nekas [Latv.] nothing
*nekro [Gree. nekrós] dead body, corpse
nelk [Germ. Nelke] pink (plant, flower) (Dianthus)
nen [Dutc. neen] no (not yes)
neo new
neon neon (Ne, element 10)
nerd [Engl.] nerd
*nerts [Germ. Nerz] Siberian weasel, kolinsky (Mustela sibirica)
netaitco [Japa. nettaichó] tropicbird (Phaethon)
*nev [Sind. nef] on this side of
nevala [Hind. nevalâ] mongoose (Herpestes)
ni [Japa.] aux. at, on, in
nikel nickel (Ni, element 28)
nil [Arab.] indigo (plant) (Indigofera)
nimf nymph (insect)
nimpa [Ainu.] to drag
*ninta [Gash.] to touch
nipot [Ital. nipote] nephew, niece
nitrogen nitrogen (N, element 7)
*niu [Hawa.] coconut palm (Cocos)
nivdal [Hebr. nivdál] different
no [Russ.] aux. but
nod knot
noj [Russ. nozh] knife
*noki rock rat (Petromus)
noksi [Cher.] meadowlark (Sturnella)
nom name
nom-el to call (name) (~ u x o y i z: x calls y "z")
nop [Thai. ´nop] dam
*norka [Russ. nórka] European mink (Mustela lutreola)
nos [Russ.] nose
notc [Russ. noch', Span. noche] night
nov [Lati. novem] nine
nov-deg ninety
novost [Russ. nóvosti] news
nu aux. opinion marker (speaker's opinion); IMHO
nujni [Russ. núzhnyj] necessary
nul zero
*nulbenga honey possum, noolbenger
nuli [Chin. núlì] slave
*numbat numbat (Myrmecobius)
numid guineafowl (Numida)
nungu [Swah. nungu] porcupine (Hystrix)
*nus [Germ. Nuss] nut (formerly nuk)
*nux [Lati. nucha] nape
nyau [Chin. niào] urine
o aux. object marker
ob [Fren. aube] dawn
obed [Czec. obêd] dinner; main meal (midday or evening)
objektiv objective
oblak [SeCr., Czec. oblak, Russ. óblako] cloud
obraz [Russ. óbraz] image
obsin [Engl.] obscene
*obwa [Fre. hautbois] oboe
*obwa-on English horn (Englanda horn)
*odi [Span. odiar, etc.] to hate
*ofikleid [Fren.] ophicleide
ogana [Cher. ogana] groundhog, woodchuck (Marmota monax)
ojuyak [SeCr. o^zujak] March
*okada [Enoc.] mercy
okno window
oksigen oxygen (O, element 8)
*ola [Iris.] oil, greasy liquid (formerly steat)
*ola-orn oilbird (Steatornis) (formerly steat-orn)
oliv [Fren. olive, Wels. olif, etc.] olive (Olea)
olyapka [Russ.] dipper (Cinclus)
om ohm
omela [Russ. oméla] mistletoe (Viscum)
omfal navel
*omna [Lako. ómna] to smell (detect the scent of something)
omni [Gree.] all, every, everything
*on [Span. -ón] large thing, augmentative (e.g., mur=mouse, muron=rat) (formerly ot)
*oncpa [Lako. oñ^spá] bit (small piece of)
ondmarteno Ondes Martenot
*oni [Yoru. ònì] crocodile (Crocodylidae) (formerly krokodil)
*oni-orn crocodile-bird (Pluvianus aegyptius) (formerly krokodil-orn)
onix [Gree. ónyx] nail, claw
onkel [Germ. Onkel] uncle
orb wheel, circle
*ord member of an order in a classification system
orfan [Roma. orfan, Ital. orfano, etc.] orphan
*org [Fren. orgue] organ (musical instrument)
*orin [Yoru.] song
oriol New World oriole, troupial (Icterus)
*orka killer whale (Orcinus)
orlan [Russ.] fish eagle (Haliaeetus)
orloj [Fren. horloge] clock, chronometer, watch
ormorn [Swed. ormörn] snake-eagle (Circaetus)
orn [Gree. órnis] bird (Aves)
oropendola oropendola (Psarocolius)
*orx [Sind. orch] goblin, kobold
orz [Ital. orzo, Roma. orzul, etc.] barley
osen [Russ. ósen'] autumn, fall
otari [Fren. otarie] sea lion (Otaria) =simba-fok "lion-seal"
ov [Lati. óvum] egg (enclosed in shell)
pa power (mathematical); dupa = squared, etc.
paca [SeCr. pa^sa] pasture
pad [SeCr. padati] to drop
pahin [Lako. pahíñ] New World porcupine (Erethizon)
paitsi [Finn.] aux. except, apart from
paitsi ven unless
pajliv [SeCr. pa^zljiv] careful
*pajo [Lako. pajó] convex
*paka paca (Agouti)
*pakarana pacarana (Dinomys)
pal pale
*palad [Taga. pálad] palm (of hand) (formerly ladon)
palm palm (tree)
palto [Russ. pal'tó, Fren. paletot] coat (clothing)
*pan [Poli.] sir, madam, Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms.
*pana [Hawa.] pulse; to pulse, beat, throb
*panda giant panda (Ailuropoda) (formerly maucyung)
papagay [Germ. Papagei, Span. papagayo, etc.] parrot (Poicephalus)
par [Span. parir] to give birth (to), lay (eggs)
para [Span.] to, in order to
paradis paradise
paradis-orn bird of paradise (Paradisaea)
*parcal [Engl.] harmonic, partial, overtone
pard leopard, jaguar, etc. (Panthera/Leo pardus)
pardalot pardalote (Pardalotus)
pardon to forgive (~ u x o y de z: x forgives y for z)
parent parent; father, mother
parent-mer grandmother
parent-per grandfather
park park (recreational area)
parmi [Fren.] aux. among
*pas [Germ. Pass, etc.] passport
*pasta [Ital.] pasta
pat [Cant. baat, Thai. pæt] eight
pat-deg eighty
paund [Engl.] pound (currency)
pavo [Lati.] peafowl, peacock (Pavo)
paxi thick
*pazit [Latv. pazît] to recognize, identify
pazo [Lako. pazó] to aim
*pec [Fren. pêche] peach (Prunus persica)
ped [Gree. paîs] child (not adult)
pek [Turk.] very
pekan [Germ. Pekan] fisher (pekan) (Martes)
*pekar [Russ. pekar', SeCr. pekar, etc.] baker
pekt [Lati. pectus] chest, breast
pekten [Lati. pecten] comb
pel [Span., Ital. pelo, Lati. pellis] fur
*pele [Hawa.] volcano
pelikan [Engl., Fren., Russ.] pelican (Pelecanus)
pen [Wels.] head
pend [Ital. pendere] to hang, suspend, dangle
pengwin [Engl.] penguin (Spheniscus)
penog [Wels. pennog] herring
pent five
pent-deg fifty
per [Fren. père] father
perd to lose (no longer have), waste
perdiks [Lati. perdix] partridge (Perdix)
*perka [Port. perca] perch (Percidae)
perlita [Span.] gnatcatcher (Polioptila)
pero [Russ. peró] pen
*persil [Fren.] parsley
*peso [Span.] peso
peta peta-, 10^15
petal petal
petrel petrel (Procellaria)
phai [Thai. phay] danger
phak [Thai. `phak] vegetable
pick [Lena. pishkw] nighthawk (Chordeiles)
pidat [Finn. pidättää] to keep away (from), restrain
piez to press
*pig [Gree. pyge] rump
pik [Fren. pic] woodpecker (Picus)
*pika pika (Ochotona)
piko pico-, 10^-12
pil [Span. pila, Turk. pil] battery
*pila [SeCr., etc.] file, rasp
pilau [Chin. píláo] fatigue
pin fin
pink [Engl.] pink (color)
pinspinza [Lako. piñspíñza] prairie dog (Cynomys)
pinta [Finn.] surface, face
pip [Fren. pipe] pipe (for smoking)
piramid pyramid
*pirka [Ainu.] pretty (formerly joli)
pirol [Germ. Pirol] Old World oriole (Oriolus)
*pismo [Russ.] letter (sent through mail)
pita [Span.] pitta (Pitta)
*pits [Ital. pizzicato] pizzicato
pivo [Poli. piwo, Czec., SeCr. pivo, Russ. pívo] beer
*pixixi [Span. pijiji] whistling-duck (Dendrocygna)
plaj [Fren. plage] beach
plan flat, level, horizontal
plan-ter plain (flat land)
planc [Fren. planche] board, plank, shelf
*planet planet
*plantca [Span. plancha] iron (for pressing clothes)
*plat [Russ. platit', etc.] to pay
*plat [Fren. plat, Span. plato, etc.] plate, dish
platin platinum (Pt, element 78)
ple multiple (duple=double, triple=triple, etc.)
pletc [Russ. plecho, SeCr. ple´ce, etc.] shoulder
pletc-kost shoulder blade
pli [Fren. plier] to fold
plod [Russ.] fruit, product (in general)
plum [Fren. plume] feather
plumbo lead (Pb, element 82)
plur plural
pod [Gree. poús] foot (at end of leg)
pod-prist toe
pol [Russ.] floor
poli [Gree. poly] many, much
polis [Engl., Fren. police] police
*polvo [Port.] octopus
pom [Fren. pomme] apple (Malus)
*pomidor [Poli., Russ.] tomato (Lycopersicon)
*pompelmo [Ital.] grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
*pongo orangutan (Pongo)
porfavor [Span. por favor] please
porfir purple
poro [Finn. poro] reindeer (Rangifer)
port [Fren. porter, Ital. portare] to carry
pos positive (number)
*post [Engl., Germ., etc.] mail
postre [Span.] dessert
pot [Lati. pótus] to drink
potasi potassium (K, element 19)
potu potoo (Nyctibius)
*pozaun [Germ. Posaune] slide trombone (tenor trombone)
*pozaun-on bass trombone
pozor [Czec.] caution
prax [SeCr. prah, Czec. prach] dust
prayot [Thai. `pra`yo:t] advantage
praz [Roma.] chive (Allium schoenoprasum)
*praznik [SeCr., Russ.] holiday
pre aux. before
pre-parent ancestor
preko [SeCr.] across
preri [Engl., Fren. prairie] prairie
presk [Fren. presque] almost
prind [Roma. prinde] to catch
prist [SeCr., Czec. prst] finger, toe
prist-kost phalanges
*proc [Russ. proshlyj] last (previous)
prokt anus
propos proposition, proposal; to propose
prot first
prunel accentor (Prunella)
psixe spirit, soul, mind
psor itch
pti [Gree. ptýo:] to spit
pu aux. [Fren. pouvoir] can, is able; to be able
pul [Fren. poule] chicken, red junglefowl (Gallus)
*pulsera [Span.] bracelet
puma [Quec. puma] cougar, puma, mountain lion, panther (Felis/Puma concolor)
punkt [Germ. Punkt, etc.] point, dot, mote, speck
pupa pupa
*pupa pupa
pupe [Fren. poupée] doll
pupil pupil of eye
pur [Fren. pour] instead of
*pusit [Taga. pusít] squid
put [Russ. put'] path, trail, way
putar [Indo.] to turn, rotate, spin
putwa [Fren. putois] European polecat (western polecat), ferret (Mustela putorius)
pyu [Ital. più] more
*ra aux. future tense verb marker (formerly fa)
rabi rabbi
rada [Czec.] advice
radar [Engl.] radar
*radi [Russ. rádi] aux. radi x: for x's sake
radio radio, wireless
radon radon (Rn, element 86)
radula scraper
*ragi [Indo.] yeast
raiz [Germ. reise] to travel
*rako [Ainu. rakko] otter (Lutra) (formerly cweita)
rana [Span., Ital.] frog, toad
rana-stom-an frogmouth (Podargus)
randevuz [Fren. rendez-vous] appointment, rendez-vous
*ranti [Yoru. rántí] to remember
*ras [Amha.] bulb (of plant)
rasti [Russ. rastí] to grow
ratcun [SeCr. ra^cun] bill (statement of what is owed)
rau [onom.] meow
ravni [Russ. rávnyj] equal
rayador [Span.] skimmer (Rynchops)
raz [Russ.] time (point in time, occasion, moment, instant)
raz-ni [Russ. raz + Japa. ni] when, at a particular time or occasion when
*razgovor [SeCr.] conversation
razvit [Russ. razvít'] to develop
re back (direction)
*re- back (direction)
rea rhea (Rhea)
rec [Russ. reshát'] to solve
reg [Lati. rex, reg-] king, queen, monarch
reg-ala [Lati. rex, reg- + Finn. ala] kingdom
reg-dino Tyrannosaurus
rek [Engl.] wreck
remez [Russ.] penduline tit (Remiz)
ren [Engl.] wren (Troglodytes)
*rentc [Engl.] wrench
*restoran [SeCr, Russ., etc.] restaurant
ret net, network
retina retina
retro [Lati. retró] backward(s), retrograde
rezon [Fren. raison] reason (why)
rezon-el to justify (provide reason for)
rib [Engl., Dutc.] rib
riba [Russ. rýba] fish (Osteichthyes)
riba-prind-ul fisherman
rid [Engl.] to get rid of, do away with
*rimas [Taga. rímas] breadfruit (Artocarpus)
rinx snout
ris [Russ.] rice
*ris-oriol bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) (formerly ris-ikter)
*risk [Engl., Fren., Russ., etc.] risk
rist [Engl.] wrist
riz root
robot [Czec. robota] robot
rod to gnaw
rof [onom.] bark (of dog)
*roj [Russ. rozh', Hung. rozs] rye (Secale) (formerly heimai)
rombo rhombus
*ropa [Span.] clothing, clothes
ros [Hung. rossz] wrong
*rosinyol [Fren. rossignol] nightingale (Luscinia)
*rost [Engl.] to roast
rot [Germ.] red
rot-kril-an {Engl.} redwing (Turdus iliacus)
rot-start-an redstart (Phoenicurus)
rovni [Russ. róvnyj] even (not uneven)
roz [Fren. rose, etc.] rose (Rosa)
rubla ruble
ruf rufous, reddish-brown
*rukzak [Germ. Rucksack] knapsack, backpack
*rumor rumor
*runtco [Span. ratón runcho] rat opossum (Caenolestidae)
*rust [Engl., Dani., Norw.] rust (oxidized metal)
ruyan [SeCr. rujan] September
*sa- metaphorical usage (e.g., mur=Murinae, samur=any mouselike animal) (formerly hi-)
safir [Arab. safír] ambassador
sagi [Japa.] heron, egret (Ardea)
*sagwa [Taga. sagwá'] not in good taste
sai [Thai. sa:y] sand
sak [Fren. sac] bag, sac(k), pouch
*sakim [Taga. sakím] greedy
sakra sacred, holy
*saksofon saxophone
sakura [Japa.] cherry tree (Prunus avium, P. cerasus)
*sakwa [Hopi.] blue-green
sal [Span.] salt (NaCl)
sala [Arab. salla] to pray
salim [Arab. sálim] healthy
saltarin [Span. saltarín] manakin (Pipra)
salut health
sam [Poli., SeCr.] alone
samut [Thai. `sa`mut] notebook
sandwitc [Engl.] sandwich
sap [Lati. sapo] soap
sapaju [Fren. sapajou] capuchin (Cebus)
*sardin sardine
sark flesh
*sarto [Ital.] tailor
savka [Russ.] sharp-tailed duck (Oxyura)
se [Span., SeCr.] aux. reflexive pronoun
sed to sit
sekirei [Japa.] wagtail (Motacilla)
sekol [Ital. secolo, Roma. secol] century
sem [Lati. sémen, Russ. sémya] seed
semper always
semya [Russ. sem'ja] family
seno [Russ. séno] hay
senti centi-, 10^-2
sepal sepal
sept [Lati. septem] seven
sept-deg seventy
*sera [Port. serra, Span. sierra] saw
*serik [Gree. se:rikón, Lati. séricum] silk
*serin [Span.] canary, serin (Serinus)
ses [Span. cesar] to stop, cease
sestra [Russ. sestrá] sister
sever [Russ. séver] north
seyu [Chin. sèyù] lust (sexual)
sfen wedge
sfiz to throb, beat
si aux. fact marker
sigar [Fren. cigare] cigar
sigar-ito cigarette
sik dry
sila [Russ. síla] force
*silet [Amha. sïlät] blade (of knife, etc.)
silik flint
silikon silicon (Si, element 14)
*silofon [Ital. silofono] xylophone
simba [Swah.] lion (Panthera/Leo leo)
*simbal [Fren. cymbale] cymbal
sin [Russ. syn] son
sinagog synagogue
*sinkpe [Lako. siñkpé] muskrat (Ondatra)
sipuxa [Russ. sipukha] barn owl (Tyto)
sir [SeCr. sir, Russ. syr] cheese
sirka [Czec.] match (for starting fire)
siroi [Russ. syrój] raw
*siska [Swed.] siskin (Carduelis (Spinus, Acanthis))
sistikol [Fren. cisticole] African warbler (Cisticola)
*sitel [Fren. sittelle] nuthatch (Sitta) (formerly sit)
*sive [Lati.] aux. or, also known as
sivet [Fren. civette] civet (Viverra)
skad [Swed. skada, Dani., Norw. skade] damage
skak [Russ. skakát'] to skip
*skakavats [SeCr. skakavac] grasshopper (Acrididae)
skand to climb
*skandi scandium (Sc, element 21)
skarv [Dani., Swed.] cormorant (Phalacrocorax)
skata [Swed.] magpie (Pica)
skel [Gree. skélos] leg
skelet skeleton
skia [Gree. skiá] shadow
skler hard, stiff, rigid
*sko [Dani., Swed.] shoe
*sko-far-ul shoemaker
skog [Swed.] forest, woods
skop hamerkop (Scopus)
skot [Russ.] cattle, livestock
skrak [Swed. skrake] merganser (Mergus)
skua skua (Stercorarius)
skwam scale (small overlapping plates)
slab [Russ. slábyj] weak
slavka [Russ.] Sylvia warbler (Sylvia)
slic [Russ. slýshat'] to hear
slic-les deaf
sliz [Russ. sliz'] slime
slon [Czec., Russ., etc.] elephant (Elephas)
snafu [Engl.] snafu
sneg [Russ.] snow
so [Japa. sono, sore] that
*so- [Japa. sono, sore] that
so-raz then
so-top there
sok [Russ.] juice
sol [Span.] sun
soma [Gree. sô:ma] body
somo [Swah.] lesson
son [Russ.] dream
*sord [Ital. sordino] mute (musical)
sosed [Russ. soséd] neighbor
*sots [Maya. soc'] bat (Chiroptera) (formerly bat)
spam [Engl.] unwanted or irrelevant material, junk mail, "spam"
spar [Ital. spargere] to scatter
sparja [Russ. spárzha] asparagus
sparv [Swed.] sparrow (Passer)
*spatul [Fren. spatule] spoonbill (Platalea)
*spil [Dutc.] spindle
spir [Lati. spíráre] to breathe
splen spleen
spong sponge (animal)
spor spore
*spun [Engl.] spoon
sput spit
stal [Dutc.] stable, stall
stan [Lati. stannum] tin (Sn, element 50)
star [Russ. stáryj] old (opposed to young)
start [Dutc. staart] tail
stat [Dutc. staat] condition
sten [Swed., Dani.] stone (small piece of stone), rock, pebble
sten-putar-ul {Fren. tournepierre, Engl. turnstone, etc.} turnstone (Arenaria)
step [Engl. step-] related by adoption or remarriage; step- (e.g., stepmat "stepmother")
stern [Dutc.] tern (Sterna)
stint [Engl.] knot, stint, etc. (Limnodromus, Aphriza, Calidris)
sto [Russ.] (one) hundred
stolar [SeCr.] carpenter
stom [Gree. stóma] mouth
stomak [Lati. stomachus] stomach
stork [Engl., Dani., Swed.] stork (Ciconia)
straus [Germ. Strauß] ostrich (Struthio)
strij [Russ. strizh] swift (Apus)
stroi [Russ. stróit'] to build
stul [Russ. stul, Dutc. stoel, Germ. Stuhl] chair
sud [Russ. sudít'] to judge
*sug [Lati. súgere, etc.] to suck
suimanga [Span. suimanga, Fren. soui-manga] sunbird (Nectarinia)
sukar [Arab. sukkar] sugar
sukar-orn sugarbird (Promerops)
sul gannet, booby (Sula)
sulfur sulfur (S, element 16)
suli [Cher.] New World vulture (Cathartes)
*sumpa [Taga. sumpa'] to promise
sup [Russ. sup, Engl. soup, Fren. soupe] soup
sur aux. on, concerning, about
suslik ground squirrel, suslik (Citellus / Spermophilus)
*suti [Quec. sut'i] real
*suway [Taga. suwáy] to disobey
svala [Swed.] swallow (Hirundo)
svan [Swed.] swan (Cygnus)
*svara [Swed.] answer
*svet [SeCr.] world (in a more limited sense, e.g. "New World")
sxap [Dutc. schaap] sheep (Ovis)
sxap-hirt shepherd
ta [Chin. tâ] he, she, they, him, her, them
*tabak [Germ., etc.] tobacco (Nicotiana)
taj [Arab. táj] crown (worn on head)
taji [Nava. tázhii] turkey (Meleagris)
*takap [Thai. –ta_kha:p] centipede
takil [Arab. taqíl] heavy
taksi taxi
*tal [Taga. taál] genuine, legitimate
*talpa [Lati.] mole
tam [Turk.] whole, entire
*tama [Taga. táma'] right, correct, true (formerly just)
*tambur [Fren. tambour] snare drum
*tamburin [Ital. tamburino] tambourine
*tan [Chin. tàn] carbon (C, element 6) (formerly karbon)
*tanga [Indo. tangga] ladder
tangara [Span. tángara] tanager, honeycreeper, etc. (Tangara)
tanrek [Fren. tanrec, Germ. Tanrek] tenrec
tant [Fren. tante] aunt
tanuki [Japa. tanuki] raccoon dog (Nyctereutes) = witca-kan "raccoon dog"
tapakulo tapaculo (Scytalopus)
tapi [Fren. tapis] carpet
*tapir tapir (Tapirus)
*tara [Yoru. tààrà] straight (formerly rekt)
tarfa [Arab. tarfa] tamarisk (Tamarix)
*tari [Hebr. tárí] fresh
*tarmo [Finn.] energy
tas [Fren. tasse] cup (for drinking)
*tast [Ital. tasto] fingerboard
tat [Turk.] taste, flavor
tatanka [Lako. tatáñka] American bison ("buffalo") (Bison)
tatu [Fren. tatou] armadillo (Dasypodidae)
tau [Germ. Tau] dew
*tava [Turk.] pan
*tavas [Hung. tavasz] spring (season)
taxi quick, swift, fast, rapid
tca [Chin. chá, Cant. chàh] tea (drink from tea leaves)
tcak [Thai. `cak] to split, divide, cleave
*tcam [Thai. cha:m] bowl (dish)
tcamur [Turk. çamur] mud
tcar [Nepa.] four
tcar-deg forty
tcas [Russ. chas] hour
tcatcalak [onom.] chachalaca (Ortalis)
tcekitc [Turk. çekiç] hammer
*tcelesta [Ital. celesta] celesta
*tcelo [Engl.] cello (violoncello)
*tcembalo [Ital. cembalo] harpsichord
*tcerdik [Indo. cerdik] sly, cunning, clever
tcerven [Czec. ^cerven] June
*tcevik [Turk. çevik] agile
tcidori [Japa. chidori] plover, dotterel, lapwing (Charadrius)
*tcil [Hind. cîl] kite (bird) (Elanus) (formerly hidai)
tcima [Ital. cima] top, peak, summit, crest
tcimp [Engl.] chimpanzee (Pan)
*tcipe [Span. chipe] New World warbler (Dendroica) (formerly parul)
*tciri [Gami. tjirritjirri] willie wagtail (Rhipidura)
*tcist [SeCr. ^cist, Poli. czysty, etc.] clean
tcix [Russ. chikhat'] sneeze
tciz [Engl.] to say "cheese" (smile for a photograph)
tcoklat [Engl.] chocolate
tcuhi [Japa. chúhi] harrier (Circus)
tcuj [Russ. chuzhój] strange
te- very narrow usage (e.g., mur=Murinae, temur=Mus musculus)
*tek [Turk.] only, sole
tel [Dutc. tellen] to count
tele [Gree.] far, distant, remote
telefon telephone
telin [Wels. telyn] harp
tem [Thai.] full (at maximum capacity)
temuz [Turk. temmuz] July
tenki [Japa.] weather
ter [Fren. terre] land, ground (opposed to water)
ter-kuku ground-cuckoo (Neomorphus)
tera trillion (million million), billion; tera-, 10^12
teremin theremin
teria beast
*teser [Ital. tessere] to weave
*tevel [Hebr.] spice
texen [Dutc. tegen] against
ti [Engl. -ty] quality or state of being (e.g., liber "free", liberti "freedom, liberty")
*ti [Engl. -ty] quality or state of being (e.g., liber "free", liberti "freedom, liberty")
*tigu [Esto.] snail
tik [Russ. týkat'] to poke
*tilin [Taga. tílin] clitoris
*tim [Cant. tîm] in addition; additional, extra
timali [Fren. timalie] babbler (Turdoides)
*timpani [Ital.] timpani, kettledrums
tinamu [Span. tinamú] tinamou (Tinamus)
*tiptol [Afri.] bulbul (Pycnonotus) (formerly bulbul)
tir [Germ. Tier] non-human animal
tir-menc furry (anthropomorphic animal)
tiran kingbird (Tyrannus)
tit [Engl.] tit (Parus)
*titani titanium (Ti, element 22)
tivi [Engl. TV] television
tixi [Russ. tíkhij] still, motionless
tlus [Wels. tlws] jewel
to it, them
toba [Roma. tobà] drum
*toba-on bass drum
tod tody (Todus)
tod-tiran tody-flycatcher (Todirostrum)
*tofel [Swed. toffel, Russ. tufel'] slipper
toko [Span. toco] hornbill (Tockus)
tol [Germ. toll] crazy, mad, wild
tom to cut
*tom [Ainu.] in, inside
ton [Germ. Ton] clay
tonsil tonsil
top place, spot, position, location; to be located (~ o x)
topol [Russ. tópol'] poplar (Populus)
*tor [Germ.] gate
*torog [Sind.] troll, ogre
tovar [SeCr.] cargo
*trad [Dani. traad] thread
trake [Fren. traquet] chat (Saxicola)
trakt to draw
trap [Dutc.] bustard (Otis)
trava [SeCr. trava, Russ. travá, etc.] grass
trava-orn grass-warbler (Megalurus)
trem hole, eye (of needle)
tren [Wels. trenn] strong, powerful, hard; strength, power
treska [Czec. treska, Russ. treská] cod(fish) (Gadidae)
trev [Wels. tref] town, village
tri three
tri-deg thirty
tri-korn-an Triceratops
*trig [Span., Port. trigo] wheat (Triticum)
tril [Germ. Triel] thick-knee, stone-curlew (Burhinus)
tringa sandpiper (Tringa)
*trist [Fren. triste, etc.] sad
trix [Gree. thríx] hair (individual)
*tro [Fren. trop] too (much), excessive
trogon [Span. trogón] trogon (Trogon)
*trov [Ital. trovare] to find (formerly truv)
truba [Russ. trubá] pipe, tube
*trut [Port. truta, etc.] trout
tsai [Chin. câi] to guess
*tsal [Germ. Zahl] number
tsan [Chin. cán] silkworm
tsena [Czec. cena] cost
tsese [Soth.] honeyguide (Indicator)
tsil [Germ. Ziel, Czec. cíl, SeCr. cilj] goal, aim
tsu [Germ. zu] to, for
tu aux. opinion marker (someone else's opinion)
*tuba [Engl., Ital., etc.] tuba
tuber tuber
tukan [Span. tucán] toucan (Ramphastes)
*tukuy [Quec.] limit
tum [Arab. túm] garlic (Allium sativum)
tumla [Germ. Tümmler] porpoise (Phocoena)
tupai [Indo.] tree shrew (Tupaia)
tur [Fren. tour] tower
turako turaco (Tauraco)
*turi [Ainu.] to stretch
turt [Fren. tourte] pie
*tux [Germ. Tuch] cloth, fabric
tva you and someone else
twiga [Swah.] giraffe (Giraffa)
tya we, us (exclusive)
u aux. subject marker
ugla [Dani. ugle] owl (Strix)
ugor [Russ. úgor'] eel (Anguilliformes)
*ukaska [Lako. ukáska] albino
*ule [Hawa.] penis
um a, an
*umbira mbira, sansa, kalimba, etc.
ungu hoof
unor [Czec. únor] February
upup hoopoe (Upupa)
*urki [Ainu.] louse
usi [Russ. usý] moustache
*ustilag smut (fungus) (Ustilago)
*utia hutia (Geocapromys)
*utsu [Japa.] to hit, beat, strike, punch
uva [Span., Ital.] grape
uvula uvula
uxo [SeCr. uho, Poli., Czec. ucho, Russ. úkho] ear
uxo-anel earring
uxo-angulvan eared-nightjar (Eurostopodus)
va you
vag wandering; to wander
vaktel [Swed. vaktel, Dutc. vagtel, etc.] Old World quail (Coturnix)
val [SeCr., Roma. val] wave (water, etc.)
vals [Fren. valse] waltz
valv valve
van [Dutc.] from
*vanadi vanadium (V, element 23)
vanga vanga (Vanga)
*vapros [Russ. voprós] question (formerly vopros)
*var [Alb. varrë] wound, injury
vari [Fren. vari, Germ. Vari] ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata)
vauva [Finn.] baby, infant
vaz [Fren. vase] vase
ve [Quen.] aux. like, as, similar to
*ve-n similar but unrelated entity
ved [Norw. vedde] to bet
veg [Germ. weg] aux. off (away from)
*vel [Lati.] aux. inclusive or (x or y, or both x and y); "and/or" (formerly eu)
velik [Russ. velíkij] great
ven [Germ. wenn] if
*vend [Span., Port. vender] to sell
ver [Lati. vérus, Russ. vérnyj] true
verm [Span., Ital. verme] worm
*verpt [Latv.] to spin (thread)
vesel [Russ. vesél'je] fun
*veslo [Russ., SeCr., etc.] oar
*vesp [Port. vespa, etc.] wasp
*vest [Span. vestir] to dress
*vetra [Latv. vêtra] storm
vi aux. direct reporting marker
*vibrafon [Fren. vibraphone, etc.] vibraphone
*vibrato [Ital.] vibrato
vid [Lati. vidére, Russ. vídet'] to see
vid-les blind
vidu [Lati. vidua] widow, widower
vidua whydah (Vidua)
vil [Germ. Wille] will
vin [Roma. vin, Span. vino, etc.] wine
vint [Roma. vînt, Germ. Wind, etc.] wind
*vinu [Enoc.] to invoke
*viol [Dutc. viool] violin, fiddle
*viol-ito violino piccolo
*viola [Ital.] viola
vir [Lati.] man
vir-epu husband
*vir-pan sir, Mr.
vireo vireo (Vireo)
virus virus
vis [Germ. wissen] to know (have knowledge)
visok [Russ. vysókij] high
*vita [Finn. viitta] cape (clothing)
viv [Lati. vívere] to live (be alive)
*viv-li alive
vo aux. [Russ.] in
voda [Russ. vodá] water (H2O)
vol to fly
volt volt
volv to roll
*vombat wombat
von [Germ. wohnen] to live (dwell, inhabit) (~ u x o y: x lives in/at y)
*von-ul inhabitant
*voron [Russ. vóron] raven (Corvus corax)
vos [Span. voz] voice
vosk [Russ.] wax
votsotsa Malagasy giant rat (Hypogeomys)
votur [Fren. vautour] Old World vulture (Gyps)
voz [SeCr. voziti] to drive (a vehicle)
vrag [Russ.] enemy, foe
vrelo [SeCr.] spring (source of water)
vuk [SeCr.] wolf (Canis lupus and close relatives)
*vuka [Zulu.] to wake up
*vurst [Germ. Wurst] sausage
vuz [Poli. wóz, Czec. v°uz] car
vya you and I, you and me; we, us (inclusive)
vyagra [Hind. vyághra] tiger (Panthera/Leo tigris)
vyaz [Russ.] elm (Ulmus)
wa aux. topic marker
*waca [Amha. wa^s^sa] den, lair, burrow
waci [Japa. washi] eagle (Aquila)
wadi [Arab. wádi] valley
wah [Arab. wáh] oasis
*wahay [Quec.] to call (yell)
*wai [Cant. wái] hello
wakar [Japa. wakaru] to understand
wakas [Japa. wakasu] to boil
*wakay [Quec. waqay] to cry, weep
wan [Chin. wàn] ten thousand
wanaku [Quec. wanaku] guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
wasax [Arab. wasakh] dirt
wat watt
wen [Chin. wèn] to ask, inquire (~ u x o y al z: x asks z about y)
west [Engl. west, Fren. ouest] west
wi [Fren. oui] yes
wikunya [Quec. wik'uña] vicuña (Vicugna)
*witaya [Lako. wítaya] together
*witca [Lako. wicá] raccoon (Procyon) (formerly mapatc)
xakamar [Span. jacamar] jacamar (Galbula)
xamea wrentit (Chamaea)
*xamron [Hebr. chamron] aluminum (Al, element 13) (formerly alumin)
xarub [Arab. kharrúb] carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
*xel [Gree. che:le:] claw
*xelek [Hebr. chéleq] part, piece
xemak [Dutc. gemak] comfort
xezax [Dutc. gezag] authority
xleb [SeCr. hleb, Russ. khleb, etc.] bread
*xlor green (formerly klor)
xmiz [Czec. hmyz] insect
*xoka [Lako. ^hoká] American badger (Taxidea)
*xrom color (formerly krom)
*xrom-les colorless (formerly krom-les)
*xromi chromium (Cr, element 24)
xron time (period of time) (formerly kron)
xun [Tlin. x'óon] fur seal (Callorhinus) =pel-fok "fur-seal" {Engl.}
xwis [Wels. chwys] sweat; to sweat
ya [Russ.] I, me
yac [Turk. ya,s] age
*yad [Arab., Hebr.] hand (formerly xeir)
*yad-prist finger (formerly xeir-prist)
yag [Dutc. jagen] hunt; to hunt
*yag-horn hunting horn
yag-ul hunter
yak [Thai. \ya:k] hard, difficult
yaka [Turk. yaka, Arab. yaqa] collar
*yakar [Hebr. yáqár] expensive
yaku [Japa.] to bake
yan [Chin. yan] eye (visual organ)
yankiri [Warl. yankirri] emu (Dromaius)
yapa [Hopi yaapa] mockingbird (Mimus)
yar [Germ. Jahr] year
yarbua [Arab. yarbú'a] jerboa (Dipus)
yard yard (3 feet)
*yarex [Hebr. yárekh] thigh
yasen [Russ. jásen'] ash (tree) (Fraxinus)
*yastik [Turk. yastïk, SeCr. jastuk] pillow
*yata [Lako. yatá] to chew
yatak [Turk.] bed
*yau [Cant. yáuh] to have
yazik [Russ. jazýk] language
yeb [SeCr., Czec. jebati, etc.] to copulate, mate, have sexual intercourse, etc. (~ u x u y: x and y copulate)
*yeb-ul mate, sexual partner
*yed [Russ. jest'] to eat (formerly yest)
yedji [Chin. yejî] pheasant
yel [Russ. jel'] fir (Abies)
yen yen (currency)
*yera [Yoru. yera] to avoid
yeti [Tibe.] Yeti, Abominable Snowman
yicu [Chin. yìshù] art
yik [onom.] squeak
yin [Chin. yîn] tone
yol [Turk.] road
*yoni [Sans.] vagina
*yor [Enoc.] roar
yu- normal usage (e.g., kan=yukan=Canis)
yug [Russ. jug] south
yul [Swed., Dani., Norw. jul] Christmas, yule
yuva [Turk.] nest
za aux. completely, totally
*za- completely, totally
*zab [Poli. zabi´c, Czec. zabíti] to kill
zaftrak [Russ. závtrak] breakfast
zaibak [Arab. zaibaq] mercury (Hg, element 80)
zak [Dutc. zaak] business
*zakduk [Dutc. zakdoek] handkerchief
zakon [Russ. zakón] law
zakrit [Russ. zakrýt'] to close, shut
zaliv [SeCr. zaliv, Russ. zalív] gulf, bay
zarf [Turk.] envelope
zbib [Arab. zbíb] raisin
ze- broad usage (e.g., kan=Canis, zekan=Canidae)
*zebra zebra (Equus zebra)
zeker [Dutc.] certainty; sure, certain
zev [Russ. zevat'] to yawn
zi- somewhat (e.g., kalt="cold", zikalt="cool")
zi-kalt cool (temperature)
zig yoke
*zigi [Lako. zígi] orange (color) (formerly oranj)
*zigi-pen-an olive warbler (Peucedramus) =mask-tcipe (formerly oranj-pen-an)
zima [Russ. zimá] winter
zink zinc (Zn, element 30)
zloi [Russ. zloj] evil
zmeya [Russ. zmejá] snake
znak [Russ.] mark, sign, symbol
zo [Gree. zô:on] animal (in general, including humans)
zon zone
zontik [Russ. zóntik] umbrella, parasol
zrad [Czec. zraditi] to betray
*zu aux. subjunctive marker
zub [Russ.] tooth
*zub-lekar dentist
zuru [Japa.] crane (bird) (Grus)
zver [SeCr. zv(ij)er, Russ. zver'] wild animal, beast; wild, undomesticated
