acet [Fre. acheter] to buy (~ u w o x van y fur z: w buys x from y in exchange for z)
*adres [Fre. adresse] address
afirm [Fre. affirmer] assertion; to assert, affirm (~ u x o y al z: x asserts y to z)
*afon [Fre. à fond] full (complete, thorough)
*agar [Indon.] so that
agas [Fre. agacer] to annoy, irritate (~ u x o y i z: x annoys y with z)
*agat [Eng., Fre. agate] agate
*ailur lesser panda (red panda) (Ailurus fulgens)
*aka [Latv.] well (water source)
akant [Gre. ákantha] thorn, spine, prickle
*akiapolaau 'akiapola'au (Hemignathus wilsoni / H. munroi)
*akord [Spa. acordar] to agree (~ u x u y: x and y are in agreement; ~ u x o y: x agrees with proposition y)
aksil armpit
akut [Lat. acutus] sharp, pointed
*akut-bek-an sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus)
al aux. to, up to, onto
ala [Fin.] area, place, region, extent
*albatros [Eng., Dut., Fre., etc.] albatross (Diomedea)
*ale [Fre. aller] to go (~ u x o y: x goes to y)
*alk [Dut.] auk (Alcinae)
*alpaka [Quechua alpaka] alpaca
alumin aluminum (Al, element 13)
ambli blunt
*amper amp, ampere
anci [Chi. ànshì] hint
*anel [Port. anel, Ita. anello] ring (circular band)
angel angel
*angulvan [Fre. engoulevent] nightjar (Caprimulginae)
*anhinga anhinga (Anhinga)
*ani ani (Crotophaga)
anko [Gre. ankó:n] elbow
anon anonymous
aport [Fre. apporter] to bring (~ u x o y al z: x brings y to z)
*aralik [Tur. aralïk] December
*araxne spider (formerly arakne)
arbait [Ger. Arbeit] work (labor)
*ard [Dut. aarde] soil, dirt, earth
ardvark aardvark (Orycteropus afer)
*ardwolf [Afr. aardwolf] aardwolf (Proteles cristatus)
*argamas [Spa. argamasa, Por. argamassa] mortar (for bricks)
argent silver (Ag, element 47)
*argon argon (Ar, element 18)
*ari [Jap.] ant (formerly mirmek)
*ari-orn ground antbird (Formicariidae)
*arkt arctic (area north of Arctic Circle)
arm [Ger.] poor
*armut [Tur.] pear (Pyrus communis)
arneb [Ara.] hare
arsenik arsenic (As, element 33)
*arts [Hun. arc] face (formerly litso)
*aru [Mbabaram] wallaroo (Macropus robustus)
*arxe ancient (formerly arke)
*asfalt asphalt
asid [Eng. acid, Fre. acide] acid
asin [Lat. asinus, Ita. asino, Wel. asyn] donkey, ass, burro
*asiti asity (Philepitta, Neodrepanis)
aspirin aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid
aster [Gre. asté:r] star
asteroid asteroid
*astrild [Fre., Ger.] waxbill (Estrildini)
*atmos atmosphere (formerly atmosfer)
atom atom
au aux. exclusive or (either x or y, but not both)
auj [Ara. awj] tip, point, end, extremity
aur gold (Au, element 79)
aus [Ger.] out of, out from
*auskult to listen to
*auto automatic
*avion [Fre.] airplane
*avon [Wel. afon] river (formerly reka)
*avoset avocet (Recurvirostra)
*axandu [Port. arando] cranberry (Vaccinium ocycoccus, V. macrocarpon)
*ayame [Jap. ayame] iris (flower) (Iris) (formerly iris)
azbest [Fre. asbeste] asbestos
*ba [onom.] baa
bad [Ger. Bad, Dut., etc. bad] bath
bait [Eng.] byte
bakter bacterium (Eubacteria)
balah [Ara. balah] date (fruit, tree) (Phoenix dactylifera)
*balans [Eng.] balance
*balkon [Fre. balcon, Spa. balcón] balcony
ban [Eng., Fre.] ban
banan [Fre. banane, Rus., etc. banán] banana (Musa sapientum)
*bandar [Hindi bandar] monkey
bank bank (econ.)
*barat [Spa. barato] cheap, inexpensive
barb [Fre. barbe] beard
*baril [Spa. Por. barril] barrel
*barj [Fre. barge] godwit (Limosa)
bark [Ara. barq] lightning
*barn [Swe., Dan., etc.] child (offspring); daughter, son
*baston [Spa. bastón] cane
bat [Eng.] bat (animal)
*batara [Spa. batará] typical antbird (Thamnophilidae)
bato [Fre. bateau] boat
*bek [Fre. bec] beak, bill
*bekard becard, tityra (Xenopsaris, Pachyramphus, Tityra)
*bekas [Fre. bécasse] woodcock (Scolopax)
*bel bel (10 decibels)
belka [Rus. bélka] squirrel
*belki [Tur.] maybe, perhaps
*belt [Eng.] belt
bemol flat (mus.)
bereg [Rus. béreg] bank (geog.)
*berg [Ger. Berg, Dut., Swe. berg] mountain
*berili beryllium (Be, element 4)
bet [Fre. bette] beet
*bex [Iri. beach, Spa. abeja] bee (formerly bin)
*bezem [Dut.] broom
*bina [Tur. bina, Ara. biná] building
bint [Rus.] bandage
blast bud, sprout
*blat cockroach (Blattaria)
*blaud [Wel. blawd] flour
blefar eyelid
*blero [Fre. blaireau] badger (yu~ Melinae; mi~ Meles meles)
blink [Eng.] blink; to blink
*blond [Fre.] blond
blu [Eng. blue, Fre. bleu] blue
blum [Ger. Blume] flower
*blum-orn flowerpecker (Dicaeini)
*boa boa (Constrictor)
bog [Rus.] god, deity
*bokasa [Spa. bocaza] broadbill (Eurylaimidae)
bol [Rus. bol'] pain, ache
*boli [Chi. bôli] glass
*bom [Dut. boom] tree (formerly dendro)
bon [Lat. bonum, Fre. bon] good, nice
*bore [Wel.] morning
bork [Ger. Borke] bark (of tree)
*boron boron (B, element 5)
*boruvka [Pol. borówka, Cze. bor*uvka] blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. australe)
bov [Lat. bós, Gre. boûs, etc.] cow (male or female bovine)
bov-karn beef
*bov-orn cowbird (Molothrus)
*brad [SC., Che. brada] chin (was kin)
bradi slow
*braux [Ger. brauchen] to need, require
brav [Fre.] brave
*braxi short (formerly braki)
brik [Eng. brick, Fre. brique] brick
britva [Rus. brítva] razor
*bromin bromine (Br, element 35)
bronz bronze
bros [Fre. brosse] brush
*brov [Rus. brov'] eyebrow
*brun brown (formerly jauzi)
*buce [Fre. boucher] butcher
*bud [Rus. budit', etc.] to wake, awaken
*buko [Spa. buco] puffbird (Bucconidae)
*bulbul [Eng., Fre., Spa., etc.] bulbul (Pycnonotidae)
*bulo [Fre. bouleau] birch (Betula)
*burdon [Fre. bourdon] bumblebee
*buton [Rum. buton, Fre. bouton] button
*butor [Fre.] bittern (Botaurus, Ixobrychus, etc.)
*cak [Nor. sjakk, Ger. Schach, Hun. sakk, etc.] chess
*cakal [Fr. chacal, Ger. Schakal] jackal (Canis simensis, C. adustus, C. mesomelas, C. aureus)
cama [Ara. sham'a] candle
*camo [Chi. shâmò] desert
*camp [Fre. champ] field (formerly agro)
capo [Fre. chapeau] hat, cap
carf [Rus. sharf] scarf
cark [Ara. sharq, Tur. ,sark] east
cayu [Chi. shâyú] shark
cen [Chi. shên] depth
*cevroten [Fr. chevrotain] mouse deer, chevrotain (Tragulidae)
*cifak [Malagasy?] sifaka (Propithecus)
ciju [Chi. xîrù] to inhale
cimbun [Jap. shimbun] newspaper
*cin [Chi. xîn] heart (subconscious mind)
cir [Ara. shi'r] poetry
*cirok [Rus. shirókij] broad, wide
cit [Rus. shit'] to sew
*ckola school
*clan [Wel. llan] church
clem [Rus. shlem] helmet
cmuts [Ger. Schmutz] pej. smut (distasteful material)
*co very broad usage (e.g., kan=Canis, cokan=Canoidea)
*cobin [Jap. shóbin] kingfisher (Alcedinidae, Halcyonidae, Cerylidae)
cpigel [Ger. Spiegel] mirror
*cpint [Ger. Spint] bee-eater (Meropidae)
cpion [Rus. shpión] spy
crai [Ger. schreien] to shout, cry, scream, yell
*ctar [Ger. Star] starling (Sturnini)
cu [Chi. shû] book
cukan [Jap. shúkan] week
cum [Rus. shum] noise
cuye [Chi. shùyè] sap
*cweita [Chi. shuita] otter (ze~ Lutrinae; yu~ Lutra; mi~ Lutra lutra)
cwo [Chi. shuô] to speak, talk, say, tell (~ u x o y al z: x tells y to z)
*da, -da aux. of (=de-a)
*dacya [Chi. dàxiâ] prawn
daje [Rus. dázhe] even (emphatic)
*dalam [Indon.] deep
dalf [Ara.] leak
dama [Chi. dàmá] hemp (Cannabaceae)
*daman [Fr. daman] hyrax, dassie (Procaviidae)
*dans [Fre. danse] dance
*dar [Wel. dâr] oak (Quercus)
*daum [Ger. Daumen] thumb, apposable digit
de aux. of (associated with)
deb [Spa. deber, Lat. debére] to owe (~ u x o y al z: x owes y to z)
debal debt
debul debtor, one who owes
*deg [Wel.] ten (formerly dek)
deglut to swallow
deka deca-, 101
deks right (hand)
*del [Rus. délat'] to do
*delf [Gre. delphýs] uterus, womb
deluj [Fre. déluge] flood
*delutan [Hun. délután] afternoon
desi deci-, 10-1
desi-bel decibel
*detras [Spa. detrás] behind
*di shorthand for repeating roots (e.g., di-parent=parent-parent="grandparent")
*di-barn grandchild; granddaughter, grandson
*di-parent grandparent; grandfather, grandmother
dies sharp (mus.)
dilbi [Ara.] plane-tree (Platanus)
dim [Eng.] dim
*dino dinosaur (Dinosauria)
*divan [Spa. diván, Ser.-Cro. divan, etc.] sofa, couch
*djadi [Navajo jádí] pronghorn
*djep [Tur. cep] pocket, pouch
*djidoca [Jap. jidósha] car (automobile)
*djiko [Jap. jiko] accident
djima [Chi. zhîma] sesame (Sesamum indicum)
dju [Chi. zhú] bamboo
*djudzi [Chi. júzi] orange (tree, fruit) (Citrus sinensis)
*djuhwa [Chi. júhuâ] chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum)
*dodo [Eng.] dodo (Raphus cucullatus)
dolar dollar
dom [Rus.] home
don an act of giving; to give (~ u x o y al z: x gives y to z)
*dors [Lat. dorsum] back, rear, posterior
*dotc [Rus. doch'] daughter
*doya [Cherokee doya] beaver (Castor)
*drak dragon
drapo [Fre. drapeau] flag
*drepan Hawaiian honeycreeper (Drepanidini)
*drongo drongo (Dicrurus, Chaetorhynchus)
drost [Rus. drozd, Swe. trast, Ger. Drossel] thrush (Turdinae)
*du [Lat. duo, Ind. dua] two (formerly di)
*du-deg twenty
*du-hok dozen
*duben [Cze.] April
duk [Lat. dúcere] to lead
dum [Rus. dúmat'] to think
*dupel [Rus.] snipe (Gallinago, Lymnocryptes, Coenocorypha)
durak [Rus. durák] fool
dut [Fre. doute] doubt
dver [Rus. dver'] door
dwei [Chi. duî] heap
*dyan [Chi. dián] electricity
*dzai [Chi. zài] again
dzijan [Chi. zìrán] nature
*e aux. times ten to the power of
*ecas [Fre. échasse] stilt (bird) (Himantopus, Cladorhynchus)
*eftipi [Eng. FTP] to transfer files over a network
*egliz [Fre. église] church
*ei [Rus.] aux. hey!
*ek one (formerly un)
*ek-korn-an {Lat. unicornis "one-horned"} unicorn
eker [Eng.] acre
*ekim [Tur.] October
*el to cause, make (w ~ lu x u y o z: x causes y to do w to z) (formerly in)
elektra electricity
elf [Eng.] elf
*eloku [Fin. elokuu] August
emet [Gre. eméo:] to vomit
en an act of becoming; to become
*enaga [Jap.] long-tailed tit, bushtit (Aegithalidae)
*enki [Gre. énkyos] pregnant
epu [Fre. époux, épouse] spouse, husband, wife
*ermin [Lat.] ermine, stoat (Mustela erminea)
*eros [Gre.] sexual desire
es an act of being; to be (~ u x o y: x is y)
*es-el to cause to be, make (~ lu x u y: x causes y) (formerly esin)
et aux. and
etaj [Fre. étage] floor, stor(e)y
*etli [Cherokee] American mink (Mustela vison)
eu aux. inclusive or (x or y, or both x and y); "and/or"
evid evidence
fa aux. future tense verb marker
*faci [Chi. fâshì] to swear
fal [Eng. fall, Ger. fallen] to fall
*falarop phalarope (Phalaropus)
*falk [Dan., Swe.] falcon (Falconidae)
fan [Eng.] fan (enthusiast)
*fanaloka Malagasy civet, fanaloka (Fossa fossa)
*fanyi [Chi. fânyì] to translate
*far [Ita. fare] to make, produce
*farad farad
*farmak [Gre. pharmakon] medicine, drug
fasil [Fre. facile, Spa. fácil] easy
*fazan [Ger. Fasan, Rus. fazan, etc.] pheasant (Phasianus, etc.)
fe [Fre. fée] fairy, sprite, pixie
*feiyan [Chi. fèiyán] pneumonia
fem [Lat. fémina] female
*fem-bov cow (female bovine)
fem-epu wife (also jen-epu)
*fem-reg queen
fer iron (Fe, element 26)
fertil fertile
fet [Ger. fett] fat
*feter [Ger. Vetter, Nor. fetter] cousin
fev [Fre. fève] bean
fi aux. indirect reporting marker
fil to love
filik fern (Filicopsida)
fin end (final)
*fisi [Swa. fisi] hyena (co~ Hyaenidae; ze~ Hyaeninae; yu~ Hyaena; mi~ Hyaena hyaena)
*fit plant (Plantae)
*fit-tom-ul plantcutter (Phytotoma)
*fitis [Dut., Ger.] willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus)
flac [Ger. Flasche] bottle
flag [Lat. flagrum, flagellum] whip
*flamingo [Eng., Ger., Rus., etc.] flamingo (Phoenicopteridae)
*flat [Eng., Dut.] apartment
*flaut flute
*flav yellow
flec [Fre. flèche] arrow
fleg to burn
flo [Ger. Floh] flea (Siphonaptera)
flok [Eng.] flock
*flu flu, influenza (Influenzavirus)
fluorin fluorine (F, element 9)
fo [Fre. faux] false (not authentic)
fob fear
*fok [Fre. phoque] seal (animal) (co~ Pinnipedia; ze~ Phocidae; yu~ Phoca; mi~ Phoca vitulina)
fon sound (noise)
fonar [Rus. fonár'] lantern
*font font (typography)
fos [Fre. fosse] pit (in the ground)
fosfor phosphorus (P, element 15)
fot [Gre. phô:s] light (illumination)
*fovet [Fre. fauvette] Old World warbler (Sylviidae)
frajil [Fre. fragile] fragile
frakt to break
*frank franc
*frankolin francolin (Francolinus)
fraz phrase
*fregat frigatebird (Fregata)
*fren [Fre. frein, Spa. Ita. freno] brake
frer [Fre. frère] brother
*fringil finch (Fringillinae)
*frud [Wel. ffrwd] stream, brook, creek, rivulet
*fuc [Malagasy] fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)
fud [Eng.] food
*fulan [Chi. fulàn] to rot
*fulk [Fre. foulque] coot (Fulica)
fum [Fre. fumée] smoke
fur [Ger. für] for, in exchange for
fut [Eng.] foot (12 inches)
fwa [Fre. foi] faith
gacim [Ara. ghashím] stupid
*gadjara [Warungu gajarra] possum (Trichosurus)
*galinul gallinule (Porphyrio, Gallinula)
gam [Gre. gámos] marriage; to marry (~ u x o y o z: x joins y and z in marriage; ~o x o y: x and y get married)
*ganga [Fre., Spa.] sandgrouse (Pteroclididae)
*gans [Ger. Gans, Dut. gans; Jap. gan, Dan./Swe. gås] goose (ze~ Anserini; yu~ Anser; sa~ Anseranas)
*garulak laughingthrush (Garrulax, Liocichla)
*gayeta [Spa. galleta] cracker
gazal [Ara. ghazál] gazelle (Gazella)
geld [Ger. Geld] money
*gemz [Ger. Gemse] chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)
*gen [Wel.] jaw
genu [Lat. genú] knee
*genu-kost kneecap
*gepard [Fr. guépard, Ger. Gepard] cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
giga billion; giga-, 109
*gigas giant, gigantic
gik [Eng.] geek
gimno naked, exposed, nude
*glan [Wel. glân] clean
*glareol [Fre. glaréole] pratincole (Glareola, Stiltia)
*glas [Wel.] blue, cyan
*glau [Wel. glaw] rain
*glezna [Rom. gleznà] ankle
gli glue, paste
gliba [Rus. glýba] lump
glik sweet
*glo [Wel.] coal
glob ball, sphere
*glok [Ger. Glocke] bell
glos [Gre. glô:ssa] tongue
glut buttock
gnos knowledge (certain), gnosis
gnos-les agnostic
gnos-les-ti Agnosticism
*gofra [Fr. gaufre] pocket gopher (Geomyidae)
golub [Rus. gólub'] dove, pigeon (Columbidae)
gorb [Rus.] hump
*gorila gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
*gork [Rus. górkij] bitter
gorod [Rus. górod] city
*gors [Dut.] bunting, New World sparrow (Emberizini)
gra [Swe. grå, Eng. gray] gray
grad [Rus.] hail (stones)
graf an act of writing; to write (~ u w o x i y ni z: w writes x on z with a y.)
gram gram
granj [Fre. grange] barn
*graus [Eng. grouse] grouse (Tetrao, etc.)
*greb [Fre. grèbe] grebe (Podicipedidae)
*grens [Dut. grens] border
*gril cricket (Gryllidae)
grom [Rus.] thunder
*grom-dino Apatosaurus
*gru [Fre. grue, Spa. grúa, Ita. gru, etc.] crane (bird) (Gruidae)
grub [Rus. grúbyj] rough
gruz [Rus.] load
*gu [Fre. goût] taste, preference
gudjila [Jirrbal] bandicoot (Peramelidae)
*gukwe [Cherokee guque] New World quail (Odontophoridae)
gul [Lat. gula] throat
*gulo wolverine (Gulo gulo)
*gurk [Ger. Gurke] cucumber
*gut [Nor. gutt] boy
*gwan guan (Penelope, etc.)
gwei [Chi. gui] ghost
ha aux. past tense verb marker
habro [Gre. habrós] delicate
hai [Chi. hai] sea
haipa [Chi. hàipà] afraid
*haitun [Chi. haitún] dolphin (Delphinidae)
hak [Ara. haqq] right (legal)
*hals [Dut., Swe., etc.] neck
*har [Swe. här, Dan., Nor. hær] army
*hara [Jap.] belly
*hart [Eng.] heart (shape)
*hasu [Jap.] lotus (Nelumbo)
*haut [Ger. Haut] skin
*havik [Dut.] goshawk (Accipiter, etc.)
heimai [Chi. hêimài] rye
hekto hecto-, 102
hel [Ger. hell] light (shade of color)
heli helium (He, element 2)
*helias sunbittern (Eurypyga helias)
helik spiral
hepat [Gre. hê:par] liver
*hest [Dan., Nor.] horse (Equus caballus)
*hi metaphorical usage (e.g., mur=Mus, himur=any mouselike animal)
*hidai [Ara. hidái] kite (bird) (Elanus, etc.)
hidrogen hydrogen (H, element 1)
hikui [Jap.] low
*hipokrit hypocrite
*hir [Wel.] long (length) (formerly dolik)
*hirc [Ger. Hirsch] deer (Cervidae)
*hirt [Ger. Hirt] herder (shepherd, etc.)
*hok [Thai] six (formerly seks)
*hok-deg sixty (formerly seks-dek)
hom [S. Lat. Homo] human being (Homo)
*horn horn (French horn)
hort garden
*hospowi [Hopi] roadrunner (Geococcyx)
hu aux. let (it, he, she, etc.), may (it, he, she, etc.)
hulu [Chi. húlu] gourd (Cucurbitaceae)
*hwa [Chi. huà] to paint (~ u w o x i y ni z: w paints x on z with a y.)
hwan [Chi. huán] link
*hwatsin hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin)
hwei [Chi. huî] ash, ashes
i aux. with, by means of, using as a tool or instrument
*ibis [Eng., Fre., Rus.] ibis (Threskiornithidae)
*ibis-rinx-an ibisbill (Ibidorhyncha struthersii)
ikter troupial, oriole, blackbird, grackle, etc. (Icterini)
imbir [Rus. imbír'] ginger (Zingiberaceae)
*indisent [Eng.] indecent
*ink [Eng.] ink
intc [Eng.] inch
*intestin intestine
intro introduction; to introduce (~ u x o y al z: x introduces y to z)
iodin iodine (I, element 53)
*iora iora (Aegithininae)
*irena fairy bluebird (Irena)
iskat [Rus. iskát'] to seek
iskuc [Rus. iskushénije] temptation; to tempt (~ u x o y i z: x tempts y with z)
iskuc-il [Rus. iskushénije] temptation; something that is tempting
*isla [Spa.] island
*ito [Spa.] small thing, diminutive (e.g., musk=fly, muskito=mosquito)
*iznos [Ser.-Cro.] amount, quantity
*jamal [Ara.] camel
*jamus [Ara. jámús] buffalo (Bubalus)
jarad [Ara. jarád] locust (insect)
*jasana [Port. jaçana] jacana (Jacanidae)
jazar [Ara.] carrot
*jazer [Fre. jaseur] waxwing, silky-flycatcher, palmchat (Bombycillidae)
je aux. (emphasis)
*jei [Fre. geai] jay (Garrulus, Cyanocitta, etc.)
jen [SC., Cze. ^zena] woman
*jencen [Chi. rénshên] ginseng
*jenet [Fre. genette] genet (yu~ Genetta; mi~ Genetta genetta)
*jild [Ara.] leather
jiz [Ara.] beetle (Coleoptera)
*joli [Fre.] pretty
jue [Fre. jouer] to play (game)
*julan [Rus. zhulan] shrike (Lanius, Corvinella, Eurocephalus)
jur [Fre. jour] day
just [Fre. juste] right, correct, proper, just
ka [Jap.] aux. question marker
*kac [Eng.] cash
*kacalot [Fr. cachalot] sperm whale (Physeteridae)
*kad [Ser.-Cro. kada] aux. while, during, as
*kafe [Fre. café] café
kafur [Ara. káfúr] eucalyptus, gum tree (Eucalyptus)
*kagu kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus)
kahwi [Ara. qahwi] coffee
kai [Gre.] also, too
*kaisa [Rom. caisà] apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
kajdi [Rus. kázhdyj] every, each
kako [Gre. kakos] bad
*kaku [Fin. kaakku] cake
*kala [Hopi qaala] woodrat, pack rat (Neotoma)
kalci calcium (Ca, element 20)
kali beautiful
kalik covering, shell
kalk [Ger. Kalk] lime (CaO)
kalt [Ger.] cold (temperature)
kalv bald
kami [Jap.] paper
kami-pli origami
*kamra camera
kan [Lat. canis, Ita. cane] dog (co~ Canoidea; ze~ Canidae; yu~ Canis; mi~ Canis familiaris)
*kanal canal
kanyon canyon
*kapito barbet (Megalaimidae, Lybiidae, Capitonidae)
*kaptan [Tur.] captain
*karaka [Spa. carraca] roller (bird) (Coraciidae)
karb charcoal
karbon carbon (C, element 6)
*kard [Ara. qard] loan
kardia [Gre. kardía] heart (organ)
*kardinal cardinal, grosbeak, etc. (Cardinalini)
*karfiol [Hun.] cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)
karin keel
karn [Spa. carne] meat
karp carp (Cyprinidae)
kart map
*karton [Spa. cartón] cardboard
*kasik cacique (Cacicus, Amblycercus)
*kasim [Tur. kasïm] November
*kastra [Lat. castráre] castration; to castrate
*kasuari cassowary (Casuarius)
*katca [Hun. kacsa] duck (Anatini)
*katcurka [Rus. kachurka] storm-petrel (Hydrobatinae)
*katedral [Spa. catedral] cathedral
kav hollow
*kaxkuwe [Lenape kaxkhuwe] New World cuckoo (Coccyzidae)
ke aux. generic verb marker
kel claw
*keler [Ger. Keller] cellar
kelk [Fre. quelque] any, some
*kelp [Eng.] kelp (Laminariales)
*kemi [Swe., Dan.] chemistry
*khiw [Thai 'khiw] eyebrow
ki which, what (question)
ki-raz [ki + Rus. raz] when, at which time (question)
ki-rezon why (question)
ki-ta who
ki-top where
*kiboko [Swahili kiboko] hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae)
*kifaru [Swahili kifaru] rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae)
kilo thousand, kilo-, 103
*kin [Eng.] relative, kin
kinet motion; to move
kinz [Ara.] treasure
kis [Ara. kís] sack
kit [Rus.] whale (Cetacea)
*kivit [Dut. kievit] lapwing (Vanellus)
*kiwi kiwi (Apteryx)
kiyuga [Cherokee kiyu:ga] chipmunk (Tamias, Eutamias)
*kiz [Tur. kïz] girl
klad branch, twig
*klai [Thai \klay] near, close (formerly anki)
*klar [Ger. klar, Spa. claro, etc.] clear
klav key
klept to steal, rob
klon clone
klor green
klorin chlorine (Cl, element 17)
klots [Ger. Klotz] log (wood)
*klots-kur-ul logrunner (Orthonyx)
*knok [Iri. cnoc] hill
ko [Jap. kono, kore] this
ko-jur [Jap. koko + Fre. jour] today
*ko-raz now (formerly nun)
*ko-top here
kobalt cobalt (Co, element 27)
*kof [Eng.] cough
*kokoku [Jap. kókoku] advertisement
*kol [Spa. col, Dut. kool] cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
*koli [Fre. coliou] mousebird (Coliidae)
*kolibri [Spa. colibri] hummingbird (Trochilidae)
*kolo [Cze.] bicycle
*koma [Jap.] robin, nightingale, etc. (Luscinia, Erithacus, etc.)
kon cone
kondil knuckle
*kontinent [Lat. continéns] continent, mainland
*konyok [Rus.] pipit (Anthus, Macronyx, Tmetothylacus)
*kopi [Fre. copie] copy
*kor [Lat. cor] core, heart, distinct central part
koral coral
*korb [Ger. Korb] basket
korn [Fre. corne, Wel. corn, etc.] horn (of animal)
koron crown
korv crow, jay, etc. (co~ Corvida; ze~ Corvidae; yu~ Corvinae; mi~ Corvini; te~ Corvus)
*kost [Cze., SC. kost, Rus. kost'] bone
*kotinga cotinga (Cotinginae)
*koxlea cochlea
*koyaniskatsi [Hopi koyaanisqatsi] life out of balance
*koyot [Aztec (Nahuatl?) coyotl] coyote (Canis latrans) =preri vuk "prairie wolf"
krai [Rus. kraj] edge, rim
*kraks curassow (Crax, etc.)
*kran [Fre. crâne] skull, cranium (formerly krania)
kraska [Rus. kráska] dye
*krem [Fre. crème] cream
kreta chalk
krig [Ger. Krieg] war
kril [Rus. kryló, SC. krilo, etc.] wing
kristal crystal
*krokodil crocodile
*krokodil-orn crocodile-bird (Pluvianus aegyptius)
krolik [Rus. królik] rabbit
krom color
*krom-les colorless
kron time (period of time)
krov [Rus. krov'] blood
*krug [Ser.-Cro.] circle
krug-li [Rus. krúglyj] round
krus cross
ksif sword
*ksil [Gre. xýlon] wood (formerly ksilo)
ku aux. imperative marker
kudetat [Fre.] coup d'état
*kuina [Jap.] rail, crake (Rallidae)
*kukal [Fre. coucal] coucal (Centropodidae)
*kuku [Fre. coucou, Eng. cuckoo] Old World cuckoo (Cuculidae)
*kul [Eng.] cool, neat, nifty, wicked (colloq.)
*kum aux. with (in the sense "having") (formerly a)
*kuntur [Quechua] Andean condor (Vultur gryphus)
kupra copper (Cu, element 29)
kur an act of running; to run
*kurli [Fre. courlis] curlew (Numenius)
*kurvit [Fre. courvite] courser (Rhinoptilus, Cursorius)
kusi [Quechua] happy
kust [Rus.] bush
kuton [Ara. qutn] cotton (Gossypium)
*kutu [Tur.] box (container)
*kveten [Cze. kvêten] May
*kvist [Dan., Nor.] attic
kwadre square
*kwayo [Hopi kwaayo] buzzard, buteo, hawk (Buteo, etc.)
*kwo aux. denotes quoted material
la aux. definite article; the
la lun the moon
la mond [Fre. monde] the world, Earth
lab [Ara. la'b] game
laba [Chi. laba] trumpet
ladon [Rus. ladón'] palm (of hand)
lai [Chi. lái] to come
*lain [Ind.] other, another
*lak [Fre. lac] lake
lakt milk
lakuna gap
lamina thin plate
lan wool
*land [Ger. Land, Dut. land, etc.] country, nation, land
*langur [Hindi langûr] langur (Presbytis)
*lanhwa [Chi. lánhuâ] orchid
*lants [Rum. lan,t, Hun. lánc] chain
*lanugo down, fine hair
lapid [Lat. lapis] stone, rock (material)
*lapid-orn rockfowl (Chaetops, Picathartes)
lapis [Spa. lápiz] pencil
*lar [Turk. -lar] a quantity of, some, plural (formerly li)
lard [Fre.] bacon
*lark [Eng.] lark (Alaudidae)
larva larva
las [Ger. lassen] to let, allow (w ~ lu x u y o z: x allows y to do w to z)
laser [Eng.] laser
lasif [Fre. lascif] lascivious
laska [Rus. láska] weasel (co~ Mustelidae; ze~ Mustelinae; yu~ Mustela; mi~ Mustela nivalis)
*laton [Spa. latón] brass
laucu [Chi. laoshu] rat
laula [Fin. laulaa] to sing
laut [Ger.] loud
lauz [Ara.] almond (Prunus amygdalus / P. dulcis / P. communis)
lav to wash
le aux. perfective aspect verb marker
*led [Rus., SC., etc.] ice (solid water)
*leden [Cze.] January
leg an act of reading; to read
*leix [Gre. leícho:] to lick
leje [Fre. léger] light (weight)
lekar [Ser.-Cro.] doctor (medical)
len mild
lent lens
*lepke [Hun.] butterfly (Papilionoidea)
les [Eng. -less] aux. without
*lest [Eng.] lest
leto [Rus. léto] summer
leuk white
lev left (hand)
liber free, at liberty
*liber-el to free, rescue, save (~ lu x u y de z: x frees y from z) (formerly liber-in)
libra pound (unit of weight)
*licu [Chi. lìshû] almanac
*lido [Ital.] shore, coast
lift [Ara.] turnip (Brassica rapa)
lig to bind, tie (~ u w o x o y i z: w ties x to y with a z)
*limf lymph
*lip [Eng., Dut.] lip (formerly labia)
*lira [Swe.] shearwater (Calonectris, Puffinus)
lisa [Rus. lisá] fox (ze~ vulpine fox: Vulpes, Fennecus, Alopex; yu~ Vulpes; mi~Vulpes vulpes; sa~ Urocyon, Otocyon, Chrysocyon, Lycalopex, Pseudalopex, Dusicyon, Cerdocyon, Atelocynus)
list [Rus.] leaf
*list-orn leafbird (Chloropsis)
liti lithium (Li, element 3)
lo aux. which, that, who, what
lob lobe
*loc [Maya lo^s] fist
lof ridge, crest
log word
*log-cu dictionary
lojik [Fre. logique] logic
*lom [Dan., Swe.] loon (Gavia)
lu aux. by, caused by
lud [Eng.] lewd
*luft [Ger., Swe., Dan., Nor.] air
luk [Rus.] onion (Allium cepa)
lun [Fre. lune] moon, satellite
lus to shine
*lutea orange-yellow
luwei [Chi. lúwei] reed
*lyama [Quechua llama] llama
ma aux. suitable as
*mabi [Jirrbal mabi] tree kangaroo
*magnesi magnesium (Mg, element 12)
mail [Eng.] mile (5280 feet)
*main [Wel.] thin, slender
mais [Fre. maïs, Spa. maíz, etc.] corn (maize)
*maisak [Thai 'may`sak] teak (Tectona grandis)
*makak [Fre. macaque] macaque (Macaca)
*maki [Malag.] ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
makro large
*makul spot (round mark)
mal [Fre. mâle] male
*mal-bov bull (male bovine)
mal-epu husband (also vir-epu)
*mal-reg king
malak soft (not hard)
*malur fairywren (Maluridae)
manga [Jap.] comic book, manga
*mangar [Mbabaram mangarr] gray kangaroo
*mapatc [Aztec mapachitl] raccoon (ze~ Procyonidae; yu~ Procyon; mi~ Procyon lotor)
marj [Ara.] meadow
mark mark (currency)
mas [Fre. masse, Eng. mass] mass (quantity of matter)
maslo [Rus. máslo] butter
*mast [Gre. mastós] breast, mammary gland
mat [Rus. mat', Lat. mater] mother
mau [Chi. mâo] cat (co~ Feloidea; ze~ Felidae; yu~ Felis; mi~ Felis catus)
*maucyung [Chi. mâoxióng] giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
mazi [Ara. ma'zi] goat
*me aux. imperfective aspect verb marker (formerly se)
*mec [Rus. meshat'] to mix (~ u w o x o y i z: w mixes x and y with a z)
media middle
*medjiro [Jap. mejiro] white-eye (Zosteropidae)
*medula medulla
medved [Rus. medvéd'] bear (animal) (ze~ Ursidae; yu~ Ursus; mi~ Ursus arctos)
mega million; mega-, 106
meili [Chi. meilì] beauty
*mejdu [Rus. mézhdu] between
mel [Gre. melas] black
*mel-ikter New World blackbird (Agelaius, etc.)
mel-orn {Eng.} blackbird (Turdus merula)
men month
menc [Ger. Mensch] person
*menc-lar people, persons
mensa table
*menura lyrebird (Menura)
merd [Fre. merde] excrement, dung, etc.
mes [Fre. messe, Ger. Messe] mass (religious occasion)
*mesit mesite (Mesitornithidae)
mesto [Rus. mésto] room, space
met meter (unit of measurement)
metro subway
*mew [Dut. meeuw] gull (Larini)
*mez [Hun. méz] honey
*mez-[co]-laska honey badger (ratel) (Mellivora capensis)
*mez-orn honeyeater (Meliphagidae)
*mi narrow usage (e.g., mau=Felis, mimau=Felis catus)
*mi-mau domestic cat (Felis catus)
*mi-pard leopard (Panthera/Leo pardus)
miceta fungus, mushroom
*midin [Jirrbal] ring-tailed possum (Pseudocheirus)
*mik small, little
mikro micro-, 10^-6
*mil thousand
mili milli-, 10^-3
mim mimic
*mim-orn mockingbird, thrasher, catbird (Mimini)
mina [Ara. mína] harbor
mini miniature
mir [Rus.] peace
mirt [Rus.] myrtle (Myrtus communis)
*misago [Jap.] osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
*mist [Eng.] mist
mnemo memory
mocu [Chi. móshù] magic
*mod [Ital. modo] manner, way
*mogwei [Chi. mógui] devil
mond [Fre. monde] world, inhabited planet
mont [Fre. montrer] to show (mont u x o y al z: x shows y to z)
mor to die
mord [Fre. mordre, Lat. mordére] to bite
morf shape
*mork [Swe. mörk, Dan., Nor. mørk] dark, darkness (formerly skot)
mors [Fre. morse] walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
most [Rus., Pol., etc.] bridge
*mox [Wel. moch] pig, swine, hog
*mozg [Rus.] brain (formerly servo)
mu [onom.] moo
muci [Chi. mùshî] priest
*mufet [Fre. mouffette] skunk (ze~ Mephitinae; yu~ Mephitis; mi~ Mephitis mephitis)
*mul [Lat. múlus, Rus. mul, etc.] mule
muli [Chi. mulì] oyster
*muli-orn oystercatcher (Haematopus)
*mum [Thai] corner
mur mouse (Muridae)
mur-ven mouse (computer accessory)
*muriki woolly spider monkey, muriki (Brachyteles)
musk [Lat. musca] fly (insect)
*musk-ito mosquito
*mut [Ger. Mut] courage
mwayen [Fre. moyen] average, mean
na aux. present tense verb marker
nabi [Ara.] prophet
nadel [Ger. Nadel] needle, pin
*nafs [Ara.] soul
nan dwarf
nano nano-, 10^-9
nar [Ara. nár] fire, flame
nat birth; to be born
*nat jur birthday
nau [Ara. nau'] sort, kind (of), type
*naul [Ara.] loom
naut sailor
ne aux. not
nebel [Ger. Nebel] fog, haze
*nebel [sa-]pard [Ger. Nebelparder] clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
nebo [Rus. nébo] sky, heaven(s)
nefra kidney
*neg negative (number)
nelk [Ger. Nelke] pink (plant, flower) (Dianthus)
nen [Dut. neen] no (not yes)
neo new
neon neon (Ne, element 10)
nerd [Eng.] nerd
*netaitco [Jap. nettaichó] tropicbird (Phaethon)
*nevala [Hindi nevalâ] mongoose (ze~ Herpestinae; yu~ Herpestes; mi~ Herpestes javanicus)
ni [Jap.] aux. at, on, in
nid [Ger. nieder] down (dir.)
nikel nickel (Ni, element 28)
nil [Ara.] indigo (plant) (Indigofera)
nimf nymph (insect)
*nipot [Ita. nipote] nephew, niece
nitrogen nitrogen (N, element 7)
*nivdal [Heb. nivdál] different
no [Rus.] aux. but
nod knot
noj [Rus. nozh] knife
*noksi [Cher.] meadowlark (Sturnella)
nom name
*nom-el to call (name) (~ u x o y i z: x calls y "z")
*nop [Thai 'nop] dam
norka [Rus. nórka] European mink (Mustela lutreola)
*nos [Rus.] nose (formerly rin)
notc [Rus. noch', Sp. noche] night
nov [Lat. novem] nine
*nov-deg [Lat. novem] ninety (formerly nov-dek)
novost [Rus. nóvosti] news
nu aux. opinion marker (speaker's opinion); IMHO
nujni [Rus. núzhnyj] necessary
nuk nut
nul zero
nuli [Chi. núlì] slave
*numid guineafowl (Numididae)
*nungu [Swa. nungu] porcupine (Hystricidae)
nyau [Chi. niào] urine
o aux. object marker
ob [Fre. aube] dawn
*obed [Czech obêd] dinner
objektiv objective
oblak [SC., Cze. oblak, Rus. óblako] cloud
obraz [Rus. óbraz] image
*obsin [Eng.] obscene
*ogana [Cherokee] groundhog, woodchuck (Marmota monax)
*ojuyak [SC. o^zujak] March
okno window
oksigen oxygen (O, element 8)
oliv olive (Olea)
*olyapka [Rus.] dipper (Cinclus)
om ohm
omela [Rus. oméla] mistletoe (Viscum album)
omfal navel
omni all, every
*ondmarteno Ondes Martenot
onix [Gre. ónyx] nail, claw (formerly onik)
onkel [Ger. Onkel] uncle
*oranj orange (color)
*oranj-pen-an olive warbler (Peucedramus taeniatus) =oliv-[sa]-parul {Eng.}
orb wheel, circle
*orfan [Rom. orfan, Ita. orfano, etc.] orphan
*oriol New World oriole, troupial (Icterus)
*orlan [Rus.] fish eagle (Haliaeetus, Ichthyophaga)
*orloj [Fre. horloge] clock, chronometer, watch
*ormorn [Swe. ormörn] snake-eagle (Circaetus, etc.)
orn [Gre. órnis] bird (Aves)
*oropendola oropendola (Psarocolius)
*orz [Rum.] barley
osen [Rus. ósen'] autumn, fall
*ot [Spa. -ote] large thing, augmentative (e.g., mur=mouse, murot=rat)
*otari sea lion (Otariinae) =simba-[co]-fok "lion-seal"
ov [Lat. óvum] egg (enclosed in shell)
*pa power (mathematical); dupa = squared, etc.
*paca [SC. pa^sa] pasture
*pad [SC. padati] to drop
*pahin [Lakota pahin] New World porcupine (Erethizontidae)
paitsi [Fin.] aux. except, apart from
paitsi ven unless
*pajliv [SC. pa^zljiv] careful
*pal pale
palm palm (tree)
*palto [Rus. pal'tó] coat
*pan [Fre.] bang
*papagay [Ger. Papagei, Spa. papagayo, etc.] parrot (Psittacidae)
*par [Spa. parir] to give birth (to), lay (eggs)
*para [Spa.] to, in order to
*paradis paradise
*paradis-orn bird of paradise (Paradisaeini)
*pard leopard, jaguar, etc. (yu~ Panthera; mi~ Panthera pardus; sa~ Neofelis)
*pardalot pardalote (Pardalotus)
pardon to forgive (~ u x o y de z: x forgives y for z)
*parent parent; father, mother
*parent-mer grandmother
*parent-per grandfather
park park
parmi [Fre.] aux. among
*parul New World warbler (Parulini)
*pat [Canton. baat, Thai pæt] eight (formerly okt)
*pat-deg [Lat. octo] eighty (formerly okt-dek)
paund pound (currency)
*pavo [Lat.] peafowl, peacock (Pavo, Afropavo)
*paxi thick (formerly paki)
ped [Gre. paîs] child (not adult)
*pek [Turk.] very
*pekan [Ger. Pekan] fisher (pekan) (Martes pennanti)
*pekt [Lat. pectus] chest, breast (formerly pektor)
pektin comb
pel [Spa., Ita. pelo, Lat. pellis] fur
*pelikan [Eng., Fre., Rus.] pelican (Pelicanidae)
*pen [Wel.] head (formerly sefal)
pend to hang
*pengwin [Eng.] penguin (Spheniscidae)
*penog [Wel. pennog] herring
pent five
*pent-deg fifty (formerly pent-dek)
per [Fre. père] father
perd to lose (no longer have), waste
*perdiks [Lat. perdix] partridge (Perdix, etc.)
*perlita [Spa.] gnatcatcher (Polioptilinae)
pero [Rus. peró] pen
petal petal
*petrel petrel, fulmar (Procellariinae)
*phai [Thai phay] danger
*phak [Thai `phak] vegetable
*pick [Len. pishkw] nighthawk (Chordeilinae)
*pidat [Fin. pidättää] to keep away (from), restrain
piez to press
*pik [Fre. pic] woodpecker (Picidae)
piko pico-, 10^-12
*pil [Spa. pila, Tur. pil] battery
pilau [Chi. píláo] fatigue
pin fin
pink [Eng.] pink (color)
*pinta [Fin.] surface, face
pip [Fr. pipe] pipe (for smoking)
piramid pyramid
*pirol [Ger. Pirol] Old World oriole (Oriolus), figbird (Sphecotheres)
*pispiza [Lak. pispiza] prairie dog (Cynomys)
*pita [Spa.] pitta (Pitta)
pivo [Pol. piwo, Cze., Ser.-Cro. pivo, Rus. pívo] beer
*plaj [Fre. plage] beach
plan flat, level
*plan-ter plain
planc [Fre. planche] board, plank, shelf
platin platinum (Pt, element 78)
*ple multiple (duple=double, triple=triple, etc.)
*pletc [Rus. plecho, SC. ple'ce, etc.] shoulder (formerly skapul)
*pletc-kost shoulder blade
pli [Fre. plier] to fold
plod [Rus.] fruit
*plum [Fre. plume] feather
plumbo lead (Pb, element 82)
plur plural
pod [Gre. poús] foot (at end of leg)
*pod-prist toe
*pol [Rus.] floor
poli many, much
polis [Eng., Fre. police] police
pom [Fre. pomme] apple (Malus sylvestris)
porfavor [Sp. por favor] please
porfir purple
*poro [Finnish poro] reindeer
port to carry
*pos positive (number)
*poski [Fin.] cheek
post aux. after
*post-barn descendant
*postre [Spa.] dessert
pot to drink
potasi potassium (K, element 19)
*potu potoo (Nyctibius)
*pozor [Cze.] caution
*prax [SC. prah, Cz. prach] dust
*prayot [Thai `pra`yo:t] advantage
*praz [Rum.] chive (Allium schoenoprasum)
pre aux. before
*pre-parent ancestor
*preko [Ser.-Cro.] across
*preri [Eng., Fre. prairie] prairie
presk [Fre. presque] almost
*prind [Rom. prinde] to catch
*prist [SC., Cze. prst] finger, toe (formerly daktil)
*prist-kost phalanges
prokt anus
propos proposition, proposal; to propose
prot first
*prunel accentor (Prunella)
psixe spirit, soul, mind (formerly psike)
psor itch
*pti [Gre. ptýo:] to spit
pu [Fre. pouvoir] can, is able
*pul [Fre. poule] chicken, red junglefowl (Gallus gallus)
*puma [Quechua puma] cougar, puma, mountain lion, panther (Felis/Puma concolor)
punkt point, dot, mote, speck
pupa pupa
pupe [Fre. poupée] doll
pupil pupil of eye
*pur [Fre. pour] instead of
put [Rus. put'] path, trail, way
*putar [Ind.] to turn, rotate
*putwa [Fr. putois] European polecat, ferret (Mustela putorius)
pyu [Ita. più] more
rabi rabbi
*rada [Cze.] advice
radar [Eng.] radar
radi radium (Ra, element 88)
radio radio
radon radon (Rn, element 86)
radost [Rus. rádost'] joy
*radula scraper
*raiz [Ger. reise] to travel
*rana [Spa., Ita.] frog, toad
*rana-stom-an frogmouth (Podargus, Batrachostomus)
randevuz [Fre. rendez-vous] appointment, rendez-vous
rasti [Rus. rastí] to grow
*ratcun [Ser.-Cro. ra^cun] bill (statement of what is owed)
rau [onom.] meow
ravni [Rus. rávnyj] equal
*rayador [Spa.] skimmer (Rynchops)
raz [Rus.] time (point in time, occasion)
raz-ni [Rus. raz + Jap. ni] when, at a particular time or occasion when
razvit [Rus. razvít'] to develop
re back (direction)
*rea rhea (Rhea)
rec [Rus. reshát'] to solve
reg [Lat. rex, reg-] king, queen, monarch
reg-ala [Lat. rex, reg- + Fin. ala] kingdom
*reg-dino Tyrannosaurus rex
rek [Eng.] wreck
*rekt right, straight
*remez [Rus.] penduline tit (Remizinae)
ren [Eng.] wren (Troglodytinae)
ret net, network
*retina retina
retro [Lat. retró] backward(s), retrograde
rezon [Fre. raison] reason (why)
*rezon-a because
rezon-el to justify (provide reason for) (formerly rezon-in)
*rib [Eng., Dut.] rib
riba [Rus. rýba] fish (Osteichthyes)
*riba-prind-ul fisherman
rid [Eng.] to get rid of, do away with
rinx snout, beak, bill
ris [Rus.] rice
*ris-ikter bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)
rist [Eng.] wrist
riz root
robot [Cze. robota] robot
rod to gnaw
*rof [onom.] bark (of dog) (formerly ruf)
*rombo rhombus
ros [Hun. rossz] wrong
rot [Ger.] red
rot-kril-an {Eng.} redwing (Turdus iliacus)
*rot-start-an redstart (Phoenicurus)
rovni [Rus. róvnyj] even (not uneven)
roz [Fre. rose, etc.] rose (Rosa)
*rubla ruble (formerly rubl)
*ruf rufous, reddish-brown
ruka [Rus. ruká] arm
*ruyan [Ser.-Cro. rujan] September
*safir [Ara. safír] ambassador
*sagi [Jap.] heron, egret (Ardeidae)
*sai [Thai sa:y] sand
sak [Fre. sac] bag, sac(k), pouch
sakra sacred, holy
saksfon saxophone
sakura [Jap.] cherry tree (Prunus avium, P. cerasus)
sal salt (NaCl)
sala [Ara. salla] to pray
*salim [Ara. sálim] healthy
*saltarin [Spa. saltarín] manakin (Piprinae)
salut health
*sam [Pol., SC.] alone
*samut [Thai `sa`mut] notebook
sandwitc [Eng.] sandwich
sap soap
*sapaju [Fr. sapajou] capuchin (Cebus)
sark flesh
saur lizard
*savka [Rus.] sharp-tailed duck (Oxyura, Biziura, Heteronetta)
*se [Spa., Ser.-Cro.] aux. reflexive pronoun
sed to sit
*sekirei [Jap.] wagtail (Motacilla, Dendronanthus)
*sekol [Ita. secolo, Rum. secol] century
sem [Lat. sémen, Rus. sémya] seed
semper always
*semya [Rus. sem'ja] family
seno [Rus. séno] hay
senti centi-, 10-2
*sepal sepal
sept [Lat. septem] seven
*sept-deg seventy (formerly sept-deg)
*ses [Spa. cesar] to stop, cease
sestra [Rus. sestrá] sister
*sever [Rus. séver] north (formerly bore)
*seyu [Chi. sèyù] lust (sexual)
sfen wedge
sfiz to throb, beat
si aux. fact marker
*sigar [Fre. cigare] cigar
*sigar-ito cigarette
sik dry
sila [Rus. síla] force
silik flint
silikon silicon (Si, element 14)
*simba [Swah.] lion (Panthera/Leo leo)
sin [Rus. syn] son
*sinagog synagogue
*sipuxa [Rus. sipukha] barn owl (ze~ Tytonidae; yu~ Tyto; mi~ Tyto alba)
sir [Ser.-Cro. sir, Rus. syr] cheese
*sirka [Cze.] match (for starting fire)
siroi [Rus. syrój] raw
*sistikol [Fre. cisticole] African warbler (Cisticola, Prinia, Apalis, etc.)
*sit nuthatch (Sitta), wallcreeper (Tichodroma)
*sivet [Fre. civette] civet (co~ Viverridae; ze~ Viverrinae; yu~ Viverra; mi~ Viverra zibetha)
*skad [Swe. skada, Dan., Nor. skade] damage
skak [Rus. skakát'] to skip
skand to climb
*skarv [Dan., Swe.] cormorant (Phalacrocorax)
*skata [Swe.] magpie (Pica, Cyanopica, etc.)
skel [Gre. skélos] leg
skelet skeleton
*skia [Gre. skiá] shadow (formerly ski)
skler hard, stiff, rigid
*skog [Swe.] forest, woods
*skop hamerkop (Scopus umbretta)
*skot [Rus.] cattle, livestock
*skrak [Swe. skrake] merganser (Mergellus, Lophodytes, Mergus)
*skua skua (Catharacta, Stercorarius)
skwam scale (small overlapping plates)
slab [Rus. slábyj] weak
*slavka [Rus.] Sylvia warbler (Sylvia)
slic [Rus. slýshat'] to hear
*slic-les deaf (formerly surd)
sliz [Rus. sliz'] slime
*slon [Cze., Rus., etc.] elephant (Elephantidae)
snafu [Eng.] snafu
sneg [Rus.] snow
so [Jap. sono, sore] that
*so-raz then
*so-top there
sok [Rus.] juice
sol [Spa.] sun
*soma [Gre. sô:ma] body (formerly som)
*somo [Swa.] lesson
son [Rus.] dream
*sosed [Rus. soséd] neighbor
*spam [Eng.] unwanted or irrelevant material, junk mail, "spam"
*spar [Ita. spargere] to scatter
sparja [Rus. spárzha] asparagus
*sparv [Swe.] sparrow (Passeridae)
spat [Rus. spat'] to sleep
spir [Lat. spíráre] to breathe
*splen spleen
spong sponge (Porifera)
spor spore
sput spit
*stal [Dut.] stable, stall
stan tin (Sn, element 50)
star [Rus. stáryj] old
*start [Dut. staart] tail
*stat [Dut. staat] condition
*steat oil, greasy liquid
*steat-orn oilbird (Steatornis caripensis)
*sten [Swe., Dan.] stone (small piece of stone), rock, pebble (formerly petro)
*sten-putar-ul {Fre. tournepierre, Eng. turnstone, etc.} turnstone (Arenaria)
*step [Eng. step-] related by adoption or remarriage; step- (e.g., stepmat "stepmother")
*stern [Dut.] tern (Sternini)
*stint [Eng.] knot, stint, etc. (Limnodromus, Aphriza, Calidris)
sto [Rus.] (one) hundred
*stolar [Ser.-Cro.] carpenter
stom [Gre. stóma] mouth
*stomak [Lat. stomachus] stomach
*stork [Eng., Dan., Swe.] stork (Ciconiinae)
*straus [Ger. Strauß] ostrich (Struthio camelus)
*strij [Rus. strizh] swift (Apodidae)
*stroi [Rus. stróit'] to build
*stul [Rus. stul, Dut. stoel, Ger. Stuhl] chair
sud [Rus. sudít'] to judge
*suimanga [Spa. suimanga, Fre. soui-manga] sunbird (Nectariniini)
sukar [Ara. sukkar] sugar
*sukar-orn sugarbird (Promeropinae)
*sul gannet, booby (Sulidae)
sulfur sulfur (S, element 16)
*suli [Cher.] New World vulture (Cathartinae)
sup [Rus. sup, Eng. soup, Fre. soupe] soup
*sur aux. on, concerning, about (formerly e)
*suslik ground squirrel, suslik (Citellus / Spermophilus)
*svala [Swe.] swallow (Hirundinidae)
*svan [Swe.] swan (Cygnus, Coscoroba)
*sxap [Dut. schaap] sheep
*sxap-hirt shepherd
*sxon [Dut. schoon-] related by marriage; in-law (e.g., sxonmat "mother-in-law")
ta [Chi. tâ] he, she, it, they, him, her, them
*taj [Ara. táj] crown
*taji [Nav. tázhii] turkey (Meleagris, Agriocharis)
takil [Ara. taqíl] heavy
taksi taxi
*tam [Turkish] whole, entire
*tangara [Spa. tángara] tanager, honeycreeper, etc. (Thraupini)
*tanrek [Fr. tanrec, Ger. Tanrek] tenrec
tant [Fre. tante] aunt
*tanuki [Jap. tanuki] raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) =mapatc-[ze]-kan "raccoon dog"
*tapakulo tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae)
tapi [Fre. tapis] carpet
*tarfa [Ara. tarfa] tamarisk (Tamarix)
*tas [Fre. tasse] cup
*tat [Tur.] taste, flavor
tatu [Fre. tatou] armadillo (Dasypodidae)
tau [Ger. Tau] dew
*taxi quick, swift, fast, rapid (formerly taki)
tca [Chi. chá] tea (drink from tea leaves)
*tcak [Thai `cak] to split (formerly pikai)
*tcam [Thai cha:m] bowl (dish)
*tcamur [Tur. çamur] mud
*tcar [Nepali] four (formerly kwat)
*tcar-deg forty (formerly kwat-dek)
tcas [Rus. chas] hour
*tcatcalak [onom.] chachalaca (Ortalis)
*tcekitc [Tur. çekiç] hammer
*tcelo [Cze., SC. ^celo] forehead
*tcerven [Cze. ^cerven] June
*tcidori [Jap. chidori] plover, dotterel, lapwing (Charadriinae)
*tcima [Ita. cima] top (peak, summit)
*tcimp [Eng.] chimpanzee (Pan)
*tcix [Rus. chikhat'] sneeze
tciz [Eng.] to say "cheese" (smile for a photograph)
tcoklat [Eng.] chocolate
*tcuhi [Jap. chúhi] harrier (Circus, etc.)
tcuj [Rus. chuzhój] strange
*te very narrow usage (e.g., mur=Murinae, temur=Mus musculus)
*tel [Dut. tellen] to count
tele far, distant, remote
telefon telephone
*telin [Wel. telyn] harp
*tem [Thai] full (at maximum capacity)
*temuz [Tur. temmuz] July
tenki [Jap.] weather
ter [Fre. terre] land, ground (opposed to water)
*ter-kuku ground-cuckoo (Neomorphidae)
tera trillion; tera-, 1012
*teremin theremin
teria beast
*texen [Dut. tegen] against
ti [Eng. -ty] quality or state of being (e.g., liber "free", liberti "freedom, liberty")
tib [Ara. tibb] medicine
tik [Rus. týkat'] to poke
*timali [Fre. timalie] babbler (Timaliini)
*tinamu [Spa. tinamú] tinamou (Tinamidae)
*tir [Ger. Tier] non-human animal
*tir-menc furry (anthropomorphic animal) (formerly pel-an)
*tiran tyrant flycatcher (Tyranninae)
*tit [Eng.] tit (Paridae)
tivi [Eng. TV] television
*tixi [Rus. tíkhij] still, motionless (formerly tihi)
*tlus [Wel. tlws] jewel
to it
*toba [Rom. tobà] drum
*tod tody (Todus)
*tod-tiran tody-flycatcher (Todirostrum), mionectine flycatcher (Pipromorphinae)
*toko [Spa. toco] hornbill (Bucerotidae)
toksik poison, venom
tol [Ger. toll] crazy, mad, wild
tom to cut
ton [Ger. Ton] clay
*tonsil tonsil
top place, region, spot
topol [Rus. tópol'] poplar (Populus)
*tovar [Ser.-Cro.] cargo
*trake [Fre. traquet] chat, wheatear, etc. (Saxicola, Oenanthe, Cercomela, etc.)
trakt to draw
*trap [Dut.] bustard (Otididae)
trava [Rus. travá] grass
*trava-orn grass-warbler (Megalurinae)
trem hole
*tren [Wel. trenn] strong
*treska [Cze. treska, Rus. treská] cod(fish)
*trev [Wel. tref] town, village
tri three
*tri-deg thirty (formerly tri-dek)
*tri-korn-an Triceratops
*tril [Ger. Triel] thick-knee, stone-curlew (Burhinus)
*tringa sandpiper (Bartramia, Tringa)
*trix [Gre. thríx] hair (formerly trik)
*trogon [Spa. trogón] trogon (Trogonidae)
truba [Rus. trubá] pipe, tube
truv [Fre. trouver] to find
tsai [Chi. câi] to guess
tsan [Chi. cán] silkworm (Bombyx)
tsena [Cze. cena] cost
*tsese [Sotho] honeyguide (Indicatoridae)
*tsil [Ger. Ziel, Cze. cíl, Ser.-Cro. cilj] goal (formerly tsel)
tsu [Ger. zu] to, for
tu aux. opinion marker (someone else's opinion)
*tuber tuber
*tukan [Spa. tucán] toucan (Ramphastinae)
tum [Ara. túm] garlic (Allium sativum)
*tumla [Ger. Tümmler] porpoise (Phocoenidae)
*tupai [Malay tupai "squirrel"] tree shrew (Tupaiidae)
*tur [Fre. tour] tower
*turako turaco (Musophagidae)
turt [Fre. tourte] pie
tva you and someone else
*twiga [Swahili] giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
tya we, us (exclusive)
u aux. subject marker
*udoye [Zul. u-doye] secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius)
*ugla [Dan. ugle] owl (ze~ Strigiformes; yu~ Strigidae)
*ugor [Rus. úgor'] eel (Anguilliformes)
*um a, an
ungu hoof
*unor [Cze. únor] February
*upup hoopoe (Upupa)
usi [Rus. usý] moustache
uva grape
*uvula uvula
*uxo [Ser.-Cro. uho, Pol., Cze. ucho, Rus. úkho] ear (formerly uho)
*uxo-anel earring
*uxo-angulvan eared-nightjar (Eurostopodus)
va you
vag wandering; to wander
*vaktel [Swe. vaktel, Dut. vagtel, etc.] Old World quail (Coturnix)
*val [SC., Rom. val] wave (water)
vals [Fre. valse] waltz
valv valve
van [Dut.] from
*vanga vanga, helmetshrike, wattle-eye, etc. (Vangini)
*vari [Fr. vari, Ger. Vari] ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata)
*vauva [Fin.] baby, infant
vaz [Fre. vase] vase
ve [Quenya] aux. like, as, similar to
*veber [Ger. Weber] weaver (Ploceinae)
*ved [Nor. vedde] to bet
veg [Ger. weg] aux. off (away from)
velik [Rus. velíkij] great
ven [Ger. wenn] if
ver [Lat. vérus, Rus. vérnyj] true
verm [Spa., Ita. verme] worm
vesel [Rus. vesél'je] fun
vi aux. direct reporting marker
vid [Lat. vidére, Rus. vídet'] to see
*vid-les blind
*vidu [Lat. vidua] widow, widower
*vidua whydah (Vidua)
vil [Ger. Wille] will
vin wine
*vint [Rom. vînt, Ger. Wind, etc.] wind
vir [Lat.] man
*vireo vireo (Vireonidae)
*virus virus
vis [Ger. wissen] to know (have knowledge)
visok [Rus. vysókij] high
viv to live (be alive)
vo aux. [Rus.] in
voda [Rus. vodá] water (H2O)
vol to fly
volt volt
volv to roll
*von [Ger. wohnen] to live (dwell, inhabit) (~ u x o y: x lives in/at y)
vopros [Rus. voprós] question
voron [Rus. vóron] raven (Corvus corax)
vos [Spa. voz] voice
vosk [Rus.] wax
*votsotsa [Malagasy] Malagasy giant rat (Hypogeomys antimena)
*votur [Fre. vautour] Old World vulture (Gyps, etc.)
*voz [Ser.-Cro. voziti] to drive (a vehicle)
vrag [Rus.] enemy
*vrelo [SC.] spring (source of water)
vuk [Ser.-Cro.] wolf (Canis lupus and close relatives)
*vuz [Pol. wóz, Cze. v*uz] car
vya you and I, you and me; we, us (inclusive)
*vyagra [Hindi vyághra] tiger (Panthera/Leo tigris)
vyaz [Rus.] elm (Ulmus)
wa aux. topic marker
*waci [Jap. washi] eagle (Aquila, etc.)
wadi [Ara. wádi] valley
*wah [Ara. wáh] oasis
*wakar [Jap. wakaru] to understand
*wakas [Jap. wakasu] to boil
*wan [Chi. wàn] ten thousand
*wanaku [Quechua] guanaco
wasax [Ara. wasakh] dirt (formerly wasak)
wat watt
wen [Chi. wèn] to ask (~ u x o y al z: x asks z about y)
west [Eng. west, Fre. ouest] west
wi [Fre. oui] yes
*wikunya [Quechua wik'uña] vicuña
*xakamar [Spa. jacamar] jacamar (Galbulidae)
*xamea wrentit (Chamaea fasciata)
*xarub [Ara. kharrúb] carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
*xeir [Gre. cheír] hand
*xeir-prist finger
*xemak [Dut. gemak] comfort
*xezax [Dut. gezag] authority
*xleb [Ser.-Cro. hleb, Rus. khleb, etc.] bread (formerly xleb)
*xmiz [Cze. hmyz] insect (formerly insekt)
*xun [Tlingit x'óon] fur seal (ze~ Otariidae; yu~ Arctocephalinae; mi~ Callorhinus ursinus) =pel-[co]-fok "fur-seal" {Eng.}
*xwis [Wel. chwys] sweat; to sweat
ya I, me
*yac [Tur. ya,s] age
*yag [Dut. jagen] hunt; to hunt
*yag-ul hunter
*yak [Thai \ya:k] hard, difficult
*yaka [Tur. yaka, Ara. yaqa] collar
*yaku [Jap.] to bake
yan [Chi. yan] eye
*yankiri [Warlpiri yankirri] emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
yar [Ger. Jahr] year
*yarbua [Ara. yarbú'a] jerboa
yard yard (3 feet)
*yasen [Rus. jásen'] ash (tree) (Fraxinus) (formerly fren)
*yatak [Tur.] bed
yazik [Rus. jazýk] language
*yeb [SC., Cze. jebati, etc.] to copulate, mate, have sexual intercourse, etc. (~ u x u y: x and y copulate)
yedji [Chi. yejî] pheasant (Phasianus, etc.)
yel [Rus. jel'] fir (Abies)
*yen yen (currency)
yest [Rus. jest'] to eat
*yeti [Tibetan?] Yeti, Abominable Snowman
yicu [Chi. yìshù] art
*yik [onom.] squeak
yin [Chi. yîn] tone
*yol [Tur.] road
*yu normal usage (e.g., kan=yukan=Canis)
yug [Rus. jug] south
*yul [Swe., Dan., Nor. jul] Christmas, yule
*yuva [Tur.] nest
*za aux. completely, totally
*zaftrak [Rus. závtrak] breakfast
zaibak [Ara. zaibaq] mercury (Hg, element 80)
*zak [Dut. zaak] business
zakon [Rus. zakón] law
zakrit [Rus. zakrýt'] to close, shut
zaliv [SC. zaliv, Rus. zalív] gulf, bay
*zarf [Tur.] envelope (formerly anvlop)
zbib [Ara. zbíb] raisin
*ze broad usage (e.g., kan=Canis, zekan=Canidae)
zeker [Dut.] certainty; sure, certain
*zev [Rus. zevat'] to yawn
*zi somewhat (e.g., kalt="cold", zikalt="cool")
*zi-kalt cool (temperature)
zig yoke
zima [Rus. zimá] winter
zink zinc (Zn, element 30)
zloi [Rus. zloj] evil
zmeya [Rus. zmejá] snake
znak [Rus.] mark, sign, symbol
*zo [Gre. zô:on] animal (in general, including humans)
zon zone
zontik [Rus. zóntik] umbrella, parasol
*zrad [Cze. zraditi] to betray
zub [Rus.] tooth
*zuru [Jap.] crane (bird) (Gruidae)
*zver [SC. zv(ij)er, Rus. zver'] wild animal, beast; wild, undomesticated