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Join the Blue Ribbon Anti-Censorship Campaign!Many of the characters are produced with the help of a few general rules. In general, the keyboard mapping should remind you of the IPA symbol (unlike some of the arbitrary mappings of X-SAMPA, like "[F] = M WITH HOOK" [ɱ] or "[_k] = TILDE BELOW" [ ̰]). Since there's a limited set of characters, this may not always be possible, but that's the general goal. (I can't come up with anything better than X-SAMPA's [_d] "dental", [_a] "apical", and [_l] "laminal" diacritics, for instance.)
The first general rule is that turned characters are represented by adding a backslash. So TURNED R [ɹ] is [r\], and TURNED W [ʍ] is [w\]. Hooks on the top of letters are added by typing [(], and retroflex hooks by typing [;]. So the voiced implosives are [b(] [d(] etc., and the retroflex series is [t;] [d;] [n;] [r;] [s;] [z;] [r\;] [l;]. A stroke through a letter is represented by adding [+]. Ligatures are represented by typing [)] after a group of two characters: [ae)], [oe)], [OE)], [lZ)], etc.
Diacritics that go above the letter, and superscripts, are represented by a sequence of keystrokes beginning with [^]. The diacritics should look like the IPA characters they represent. So a ring above a voiceless ENG [ŋ̊] is typed as [^o], and the "centralized" diacritic [ ̈] is typed as [^:]. One problem is that [^x] might represent a MODIFIER LETTER SMALL X [ˣ] or a COMBINING X ABOVE [ ̽]. But neither of these is very commonly used. It might be best to use a capital X for the COMBINING X ABOVE.
Diacritics that go below the letter are represented with an underscore. So the "advanced" diacritic [ ̟] is [_+], and the "non-syllabic" diacritic [ ̯] is [_n] (from the visual similarity between "n" and the INVERTED BREVE BELOW, plus the mnemonic of "n" standing for "non-syllabic"). Again, there's a conflict between the "voiced" diacritic" [ ̬] (which logically should be [_v]), and the four "tacks" [ ̘] [ ̙] [ ̝] [ ̞] (which ought to be [_<] [_>] [_^] [_v]). One or the other of those could be represented as [_V].
"Nasalized" [ ̃] and "syllabic" [ ̩] diacritics have single character equivalents [~] and [=] for convenience. (The [=] will be familiar to X-SAMPA users.)
Since there aren't enough keys on the keyboard even with the capital and lower case letters, numbers, and punctuation, I double the number of keys by using the ["] key to produce a modified symbol. In general, the capital letters are used for the more common symbols, and the modified capital and lower case letters for less common ones. For the different "r" sounds (besides [r] and TURNED R [ɹ], which is typed as [r\]), probably the one I use most often is R WITH FISHHOOK [ɾ]. So that gets the [R], and the two small capital R's [ʁ] [ʀ] are assigned to [r"] and [R"]. Capital [N] is ENG [ŋ], since that's what everyone expects it to be (and it's a very frequently used symbol), while [n"] is N WITH LEFT HOOK [ɲ] and [N"] is SMALL CAPITAL N [ɴ]. For mnemonic purposes, all the small capital letters that represent consonants are typed by using the capital letter followed by ["]: [B"] [G"] [H"] [L"] [N"] [R"].
Tones are represented by numbers [1] - [5] (as separate characters), [^1] - [^5] (as diacritics). The suprasegmentals are ['] (primary stress), [,] (secondary stress), [:] (long), [-] (half-long), [^u] (extra-short).
And some of the characters are more or less arbitrary. [6] is RAMS HORN [ɤ], and [9] is PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE [ʕ], since there really aren't any keys on the keyboard that look more similar to the IPA characters. [$] is L WITH BELT [ɬ]. In some fonts the stroke goes all the way through the dollar sign, and it looks more like it could be an "l" with an exaggerated belt.
Consonants (pulmonic)
bilab. lbdnt. dent. alv. postalv. retr. palat. velar uvul. pharyn. glot.
p b t d t; d; c j+ k g q G" ?
m M n n; n" N N"
B" r R"
R r;
P B f v T D s z S Z s; z; C j" x G X r" h+ 9 h h(
$ lZ)
v" r\ r\; j w"
l l; y\ L"
w\ voiceless labial-velar fricative
w voiced labial-velar approximant
h\ voiced labial-palatal approximant
H" voiceless epiglottal fricative
9+ voiced epiglottal fricative
?+ epiglottal plosive
c" z" alveolo-palatal fricatives
l" alveolar lateral flap
sj) simultaneous S and x
k^^p double articulations
t^^s affricates
(non-pulmonic)
bilab. dent. (post)alv. palatoalv. palat. velar uvular
* | ! || # clicks
b( d( j+( g( G"( vcd. implosives
p` t` s` k` ejectives
Vowels Front Central Back
Close i y i+ u+ m\ u
I Y U
Close-mid e o" e" o+ 6 o
@
Open-mid E oe) E\ O" v\ O
ae) a\
Open a OE) A A\
Suprasegmentals
' primary stress
, secondary stress
: long
- half-long
^u extra-short
. syllable break
|" minor (foot) group
||" major (intonation) group
__ linking (absence of a break)
5 ^5 extra high
4 ^4 high
3 ^3 mid
2 ^2 low
1 ^1 extra low
> downstep
< upstep
15 ^2^4 rising
51 ^4^2 falling
<< global rise
>> global fall
diacritics
_o voiceless _: breathy voiced _d dental
_v voiced _~ creaky voiced _a apical
^h aspirated _m linguolabial _l laminal
_) more rounded ^w labialized ~ nasalized
_( less rounded ^j palatalized ^n nasal release
_+ advanced ^G velarized ^l lateral release
_- retracted ^9 pharyngealized 7 no audible release
^: centralized ~" velarized or pharyngealized
^X mid-centralized _^ raised
= syllabic _V lowered
_n non-syllabic _< advanced tongue root
^r rhoticity _> retracted tongue root
. U+002E FULL STOP [.] g" U+0067 G [g] |" U+007C VERTICAL LINE [|] ae) U+00E6 AE [æ] & U+00E6 AE [æ] C U+00E7 C WITH CEDILLA [ç] D U+00F0 ETH [ð] o" U+00F8 O WITH STROKE [ø] 0 U+00F8 O WITH STROKE [ø] h+ U+0127 H WITH STROKE [ħ] H U+0127 H WITH STROKE [ħ] N U+014B ENG [ŋ] oe) U+0153 OE [œ] b+ U+0180 B WITH STROKE [ƀ] c( U+0188 C WITH HOOK [ƈ] F U+0192 F WITH HOOK [ƒ] hv) U+0195 HV [ƕ] k( U+0199 K WITH HOOK [ƙ] L+ U+019B LAMBDA WITH STROKE [ƛ] n=) U+019E N WITH LONG RIGHT LEG [ƞ] p( U+01A5 P WITH HOOK [ƥ] tj) U+01AB T WITH PALATAL HOOK [ƫ] t( U+01AD T WITH HOOK [ƭ] z+ U+01BB TWO WITH STROKE [ƻ] | U+01C0 DENTAL CLICK [ǀ] || U+01C1 LATERAL CLICK [ǁ] # U+01C2 ALVEOLAR CLICK [ǂ] ! U+01C3 RETROFLEX CLICK [ǃ] a\ U+0250 TURNED A [ɐ] A U+0251 ALPHA [ɑ] A\ U+0252 TURNED ALPHA [ɒ] b( U+0253 B WITH HOOK [ɓ] c\ U+0254 OPEN O [ɔ] O U+0254 OPEN O [ɔ] c" U+0255 C WITH CURL [ɕ] d; U+0256 D WITH TAIL [ɖ] d( U+0257 D WITH HOOK [ɗ] e" U+0258 REVERSED E [ɘ] e\ U+0259 SCHWA [ə] @ U+0259 SCHWA [ə] e\^r U+025A SCHWA WITH HOOK [ɚ] @^r U+025A SCHWA WITH HOOK [ɚ] E U+025B OPEN E [ɛ] E\ U+025C REVERSED OPEN E [ɜ] E\^r U+025D REVERSED OPEN E WITH HOOK [ɝ] O" U+025E CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E [ɞ] j+ U+025F DOTLESS J WITH STROKE [ɟ] f\ U+025F DOTLESS J WITH STROKE [ɟ] J U+025F DOTLESS J WITH STROKE [ɟ] g( U+0260 G WITH HOOK [ɠ] g U+0261 SCRIPT G [ɡ] G" U+0262 SMALL CAPITAL G [ɢ] G U+0263 GAMMA [ɣ] 6 U+0264 RAMS HORN [ɤ] h\ U+0265 TURNED H [ɥ] y" U+0265 TURNED H [ɥ] h( U+0266 H WITH HOOK [ɦ] sj) U+0267 HENG WITH HOOK [ɧ] N( U+0267 HENG WITH HOOK [ɧ] i+ U+0268 I WITH STROKE [ɨ] I" U+0269 IOTA [ɩ] I U+026A SMALL CAPITAL I [ɪ] l~" U+026B L WITH MIDDLE TILDE [ɫ] $ U+026C L WITH BELT [ɬ] l; U+026D L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK [ɭ] lZ) U+026E LEZH [ɮ] m\ U+026F TURNED M [ɯ] W U+026F TURNED M [ɯ] w" U+0270 TURNED M WITH LONG LEG [ɰ] M U+0271 M WITH HOOK [ɱ] n" U+0272 N WITH LEFT HOOK [ɲ] n; U+0273 N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK [ɳ] N" U+0274 SMALL CAPITAL N [ɴ] o+ U+0275 BARRED O [ɵ] OE) U+0276 SMALL CAPITAL OE [ɶ] U" U+0277 CLOSED OMEGA [ɷ] P U+0278 PHI [ɸ] r\ U+0279 TURNED R [ɹ] l" U+027A TURNED R WITH LONG LEG [ɺ] r\; U+027B TURNED R WITH HOOK [ɻ] l"\ U+027C R WITH LONG LEG [ɼ] r; U+027D R WITH TAIL [ɽ] R U+027E R WITH FISHHOOK [ɾ] i" U+027F REVERSED R WITH FISHHOOK [ɿ] R" U+0280 SMALL CAPITAL R [ʀ] r" U+0281 SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R [ʁ] s; U+0282 S WITH HOOK [ʂ] S U+0283 ESH [ʃ] J( U+0284 DOTLESS J WITH STROKE AND HOOK [ʄ] i; U+0285 SQUAT REVERSED ESH [ʅ] S" U+0286 ESH WITH CURL [ʆ] t\ U+0287 TURNED T [ʇ] t; U+0288 T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK [ʈ] u+ U+0289 U BAR [ʉ] U U+028A UPSILON [ʊ] v" U+028B V WITH HOOK [ʋ] v\ U+028C TURNED V [ʌ] V U+028C TURNED V [ʌ] w\ U+028D TURNED W [ʍ] y\ U+028E TURNED Y [ʎ] Y U+028F SMALL CAPITAL Y [ʏ] z; U+0290 Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK [ʐ] z" U+0291 Z WITH CURL [ʑ] Z U+0292 EZH [ʒ] Z" U+0293 EZH WITH CURL [ʓ] ? U+0294 GLOTTAL STOP [ʔ] 9 U+0295 PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE [ʕ] ?" U+0296 INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP [ʖ] C" U+0297 STRETCHED C [ʗ] * U+0298 BILABIAL CLICK [ʘ] B" U+0299 SMALL CAPITAL B [ʙ] E" U+029A CLOSED OPEN E [ʚ] G"( U+029B SMALL CAPITAL G WITH HOOK [ʛ] H" U+029C SMALL CAPITAL H [ʜ] j" U+029D J WITH CROSSED-TAIL [ʝ] k\ U+029E TURNED K [ʞ] L" U+029F SMALL CAPITAL L [ʟ] q( U+02A0 Q WITH HOOK [ʠ] ?+ U+02A1 GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE [ʡ] 9+ U+02A2 REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE [ʢ] dz) U+02A3 DZ DIGRAPH [ʣ] dZ) U+02A4 DEZH DIGRAPH [ʤ] dz") U+02A5 DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL [ʥ] ts) U+02A6 TS DIGRAPH [ʦ] tS) U+02A7 TESH DIGRAPH [ʧ] tc") U+02A8 TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL [ʨ] fN) U+02A9 FENG DIGRAPH [ʩ] ls) U+02AA LS DIGRAPH [ʪ] lz) U+02AB LZ DIGRAPH [ʫ] ww) U+02AC BILABIAL PERCUSSIVE [ʬ] nn) U+02AD BIDENTAL PERCUSSIVE [ʭ] ^h U+02B0 SMALL H [ʰ] ^j U+02B2 SMALL J [ʲ] ^w U+02B7 SMALL W [ʷ] ^y U+02B8 SMALL Y [ʸ] ` U+02BC APOSTROPHE [ʼ] ' U+02C8 VERTICAL LINE [ˈ] , U+02CC LOW VERTICAL LINE [ˌ] : U+02D0 TRIANGULAR COLON [ː] - U+02D1 HALF TRIANGULAR COLON [ˑ] _^" U+02D4 UP TACK [˔] _V" U+02D5 DOWN TACK [˕] ^r U+02DE RHOTIC HOOK [˞] ^G U+02E0 SMALL GAMMA [ˠ] ^l U+02E1 SMALL L [ˡ] ^s U+02E2 SMALL S [ˢ] ^x U+02E3 SMALL X [ˣ] ^9 U+02E4 SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP [ˤ] 5 U+02E5 EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR [˥] 4 U+02E6 HIGH TONE BAR [˦] 3 U+02E7 MID TONE BAR [˧] 2 U+02E8 LOW TONE BAR [˨] 1 U+02E9 EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR [˩] ^2 U+0300 GRAVE ACCENT [ ̀] ^4 U+0301 ACUTE ACCENT [ ́] ^4^2 U+0302 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT [ ̂] ~ U+0303 TILDE [ ̃] ^3 U+0304 MACRON [ ̄] ^u U+0306 BREVE [ ̆] ^: U+0308 DIAERESIS [ ̈] ^o U+030A RING ABOVE [ ̊] ^5 U+030B DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT [ ̋] ^2^4 U+030C CARON [ ̌] ^v U+030C CARON [ ̌] ^1 U+030F DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT [ ̏] _< U+0318 LEFT TACK BELOW [ ̘] _> U+0319 RIGHT TACK BELOW [ ̙] 7 U+031A LEFT ANGLE ABOVE [ ̚] _( U+031C LEFT HALF RING BELOW [ ̜] _^ U+031D UP TACK BELOW [ ̝] _V U+031E DOWN TACK BELOW [ ̞] _+ U+031F PLUS SIGN BELOW [ ̟] _- U+0320 MINUS SIGN BELOW [ ̠] _j U+0321 PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW [ ̡] ; U+0322 RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW [ ̢] _. U+0323 DOT BELOW [ ̣] _: U+0324 DIAERESIS BELOW [ ̤] _o U+0325 RING BELOW [ ̥] = U+0329 VERTICAL LINE BELOW [ ̩] _d U+032A BRIDGE BELOW [ ̪] _w U+032B INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH BELOW [ ̫] _v U+032C CARON BELOW [ ̬] _n U+032F INVERTED BREVE BELOW [ ̯] _~ U+0330 TILDE BELOW [ ̰] ~" U+0334 TILDE OVERLAY [ ̴] _) U+0339 RIGHT HALF RING BELOW [ ̹] _a U+033A INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW [ ̺] _l U+033B SQUARE BELOW [ ̻] _m U+033C SEAGULL BELOW [ ̼] ^X U+033D X ABOVE [ ̽] ^^ U+0361 DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE [ ͡ ] B U+03B2 BETA [β] T U+03B8 THETA [θ] L U+03BB LAMBDA [λ] X U+03C7 CHI [χ] ||" U+2016 DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE [‖] __ U+203F UNDERTIE [‿] ^n U+207F SMALL LETTER N [ⁿ] < U+2191 UPWARDS ARROW [↑] > U+2193 DOWNWARDS ARROW [↓] << U+2197 NORTH EAST ARROW [↗] >> U+2198 SOUTH EAST ARROW [↘]
