Lindiga

Phonology and Writing

Lindiga has 8 vowels, 6 diphthongs, and 18 consonants. Lindiga is written in the Latin alphabet, with two extra letters (ê, ö) and four digraphs (ch, ng, ph, tl). In addition to the accented letters, which are considered as distinct letters of the alphabet, Lindiga uses two diacritics: the acute accent (ikíua), for indicating stressed vowels on non-initial syllables, and the dieresis (trêma), for indicating that a vowel should be pronounced separately instead of being seen as part of a digraph.

The sounds of Lindiga

Consonants

bilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarretroflexvelar
stopsp / bt / dʈ / ɖk / ɡ
nasalsmnɳŋ
trill, flaprɽ
fricativesf / vs / zʂ / ʐx / ɣ
lateral fric.ɬ / ɮɬ̢ / ɮ̢
lateral approx.lɭ

Vowels

frontcentralback
iʉu
eɵ
ɛɔ
ɑ

Diphthongs

iə̯ʉə̯uə̯
ɛi̯ɜʉ̯ɒu̯

Alphabet

The Lindiga alphabet: a ch e ê g i k l m n ng o ö p ph r rr s t tl u v y (note that ch, ng, rr, and tl are considered as separate letters of the alphabet, but combinations of r with other letters to represent retroflex sounds are not treated as single letters).
a [ɑ̈] -- an unrounded low central vowel
ch [x] -- a voiceless velar fricative; before i, pronounced as [ç] (equivalent to g). Between vowels, pronounced as voiceless and long; equivalent to gg.
e [ɛ] -- an unrounded low-mid front vowel; pronounced as schwa [ə] when unstressed.
ê [e] -- an unrounded high-mid front vowel
g [x], [ɣ] -- a voiceless velar fricative; before i, pronounced as [ç]; a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] between vowels or adjacent to voiced consonants.
i [i], [j] -- an unrounded high front vowel or voiced palatal approximant; palatalizes preceding consonants.
k [k] -- a voiceless velar stop
l [l] -- a voiced dental lateral approximant; before i, pronounced as [ʎ]
m [m] -- a voiced bilabial nasal
n [n] -- a voiced dental nasal; before i, pronounced as [ɲ]
ng [ŋ] -- a voiced velar nasal
o [ɔ] -- a rounded low-mid back vowel
ö [ɵ̜] -- a partially rounded high-mid central vowel
p [p] -- a voiceless bilabial stop
ph [f] -- a voiceless labiodental fricative; equivalent to vv
r [ɽ] -- a voiced retroflex flap.
rl [ɭ] -- a voiced retroflex lateral approximant
rn [ɳ] -- a voiced retroflex nasal
rr [r] -- a voiced alveolar trill.
rs [ʂ], [ʐ] -- a voiceless retroflex fricative; voiced between vowels or adjacent to voiced consonants
rt [ʈ] -- a voiceless retroflex stop
rtl [ɬ̢] -- a voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
s [s], [z] -- a voiceless alveolar sibilant; voiced between vowels or adjacent to voiced consonants; before i or j, pronounced as [ʃ] or [ʒ]
t [t] -- a voiceless dental stop; before i or j, pronounced as [ʧ]
tl [ɬ] -- a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
u [u], [w] -- a rounded high back vowel; as a consonant, a voiced labial-velar approximant; before i, pronounced as [ɥ]
v [f], [v] -- a voiceless labiodental fricative; voiced between vowels or adjacent to voiced consonants
y [ʉ̜], [ʉ̜ː] -- a partially rounded high central vowel

Lindiga has six diphthongs: three that start at a mid-low vowel height and raise the tongue toward the palate (ai, eu, and au), and three that start with high vowels and relax the tongue to a neutral position (ie, , and uo). The first of these, ai [ɛi̯], is more like Dutch ei or ij than an English "long i", since the tongue starts out in the position of [ɛ]. Lindiga eu [ɜʉ̯] is one of the more difficult sounds in the language, since there's nothing quite like it in English, but Dutch ui is pretty close. The difference is that Lindiga eu is centralized and only half rounded. Lindiga au [ɒu̯] is fully rounded from the beginning, unlike the English "ow" sound. The other three diphthongs are produced by starting with a high vowel and gliding towards schwa: [iə̯], [ʉə̯], and [uə̯].

Clusters of more than two consonants are not allowed, and both consonants in the cluster must be voiced or voiceless. If one consonant in the cluster is a nasal or liquid, which are always voiced, the other consonant is pronounced as voiced: iagrri [ˈjɑɣri] "gold (color)", rsengva [ˈʂɛŋvɑ] "alligator, crocodile". In other cases, both consonants remain voiceless: chaski [ˈxɑski] "seven", rnikga [ˈɳikxɑ] "mask".

Following a retroflex sound, other dental and alveolar consonants are also pronounced as retroflex: marsni [ˈmɑʐɳi] "magenta", nirnti [ˈɲiɳɖi] "particular".

In general, consonants written double are pronounced long: issi [ˈiʃːi] "six", except when adjacent to another consonant: narrsi [ˈnɑrʒi] "orange (color)". The spelling narrsi is necessary to distinguish this word from narsi [ˈnɑʐi], which means "thick". Trilled r, written rr, may be either long (skirra [ˈskirːɑ] "squirrel") or short (sirrëk [ˈʃirək] "glass").

Stress normally falls on the first syllable of the word, excluding prefixes (which are always unstressed). In other cases, the stressed syllable is marked with an acute accent: saiéni [sɑˈjɛɲi] "cyan", perlína [pəˈɭinɑ] "jelly doughnut".

The name of the language is rsi-Lirntinga, pronounced [ʂiˈʎiɳɖiŋɑ] (but [ˈlɪndɪɡə] is an acceptable English name).

Foreign names

Foreign names and words are more or less adapted to the Lindiga sound system and spelling: rsi-Ssuachíli [ʂisːwɑˈçiʎi] "Swahili", su-Siopéng [suʃjɔˈpɛŋ] "Chopin". For more precision in representing foreign sounds, some names use diacritics and extra letters of the alphabet. The letters b, d, q, and z are used only for voiced sounds in foreign names (q represents [ɡ]). The sounds [ʃ] and [ʒ], when they occur in contexts not followed by [i] or [j], can be written as śi or ś, and źi or ź. The spellings with i are used before vowels: both forms are found in the name su-Śiostakóvitś "Shostakovich". Alternative, more Lindiga-friendly versions of such names are always possible: for example, su-Siostakóvits [suʃjɔstɑˈkɔvits] for "Shostakovich". Nasalized vowels, as in French or Portuguese, are represented by adding -ñg: le-Źiañg "Jean" (French), le-Źuauñg "João" (Portuguese). The letter i is written without a dot to indicate that a consonant that normally would be palatalized is unpalatalized: rsi-Chıntı "Hindi", rsi-Pharrsı "Persian (language)". In fully assimilated versions, these languages are called rsi-Chirnti [ʂiˈçiɳɖi] and rsi-Pharrsi [ʂiˈfːɑrʃi].

Sandhi

Sounds in Lindiga undergo certain changes at boundaries between words or morphemes. Some of these changes are represented in the writing system. For instance, a stem-final /o/ combines with the initial /u/ of a suffix, resulting in a diphthong /au/: nako "forest" + -u (locative) = nakau "in the forest". In general, adjacent vowels combine to form a single vowel or one of a few diphthongs such as /ai/ or /au/, and adjacent consonants undergo assimilation.